citric acid cycle

DL-Isocitric acid trisodium salt is the protonated form of isocitrate, a substrate in the citric acid cycle. It is useful as a marker for determining the composition of isocitrates in fruit products, including fruit juices.

Coenzyme A is an obligatory cofactor in all living cells synthesized from pantothenate (Vitamin B5), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and cysteine.

NAD+ (β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH).

(S)-Malic acid ((S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid) is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid found in many sour foods, such as apples, and contributes to the sourness of green apples and tartness of wine, although its concentration decreases with fruit ripeness (wikipedia). In its ionized form, it is called malate, an intermediate in the TCA cycle alongside fumarate, and can be formed from pyruvate through anaplerotic reactions. In humans, malic acid is derived from food sources and synthesized in the body via the citric acid cycle in mitochondria, playing a crucial role in energy production under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate, providing reducing equivalents via the malate-aspartate redox shuttle, while during anaerobic conditions, its simultaneous reduction to succinate and oxidation to oxaloacetate removes excess reducing equivalents, reversing hypoxia's inhibition of glycolysis and energy production. Studies on rats have shown that tissue malate depletes following exhaustive physical activity, suggesting that malic acid deficiency may cause physical exhaustion. Administering malic acid to rats has been shown to elevate mitochondrial malate, increasing mitochondrial respiration and energy production.

Oxaloacetic acid, also known as oxosuccinic acid or oxalacetic acid, is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid appearing as an intermediate of the citric acid cycle. In vivo, oxaloacetate (the ionized form of oxaloacetic acid) is formed by the oxidation of L-mal

2-Oxobutanoic acid (alpha-Ketobutyric Acid) is a product of the lysis of cystathionine. It is also one of the degradation products of threonine. It can be converted into propionyl-CoA, and thus enter the citric acid cycle.

2-Methylpentanedioic acid (alpha-Methylglutarate) is an organic acid normally found in human urine, in healthy adults and children. 2-Methylpentanedioic acid (alpha-Methylglutarate) is a metabolite of succinic acid, a citric acid cycle intermediate.

NADH disodium salt (Disodium NADH) hydrate is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) that can donate electrons in a reducing reaction, becoming oxidized to produce NAD+. Various enzymes utilize NADH disodium salt hydrate plus H+ to reduce substrates, generating NAD+ and the reduced product.

Sodium citrate (Natrocitral) is the sodium salt of citric acid.Citric acid trisodium induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase. Sodium citrate cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities.

NADH disodium salt hydrate is a coenzyme of oxidoreductase. NADH acts as a regenerative electron donor during catabolic processes including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and beta-oxidation.

D-(+)-Malic acid ((R)-Malic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid that is made by all living organisms. Malic acid has two stereoisomeric forms (L- and D-enantiomers). The malate anion is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle.

Citric acid-13C2 is a 13C-labeled form of citric acid. Citric acid (T5S0636) serves as a preservative and food additive. It induces apoptosis in HaCaT cells and causes cell cycle arrest at the G2/M and S phases. Additionally, citric acid contributes to liver oxidative damage by reducing antioxidant enzyme activity. It also functions as an acidulant, emulsifier, chelating agent, and buffer, with extensive applications across multiple industries.

Succinate calcium is a crucial intermediate in the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle). It serves as a specific ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor GPR91. Additionally, succinate calcium can enhance the amplitude of calcium transients in cardiomyocytes and expedite their decay. Furthermore, it can induce myocardial apoptosis (apoptosis).

α-Lipoic acid is a cyclic disulfide antioxidant that interconverts with its reduced dithiol form. It is an essential cofactor for decarboxylation reactions of the citric acid cycle and acts as a general antioxidant. AN-7 is a more lipophilic analog of α-lipoic acid with enhanced potency and 1.5-fold increased maximal capacity to stimulate glucose transport into myocytes. This identifies the analogs of lipoic acid as potential new treatments for diabetes.

Succinyl-Coenzyme A sodium salt(Succinyl-CoA sodium salt) participates in the citric acid cycle, where it is converted to succinic acid.Succinyl-Coenzyme A (sodium salt) is involved in a variety of metabolic reactions in living organisms, and plays an important role in the body.Succinyl-Coenzyme A (sodium salt) is involved in heme synthesis. Succinyl-Coenzyme A (sodium salt) is involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin and is used in the study of metabolic, neurological, and hematological disorders caused by nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency, which results in a deficiency in Succinyl-Coenzyme A synthesis.

Isocitric acid (Isocitrate), an isomer of citric acid, is a substrate for citric acid cycle and an endogenous metabolite, which has potential for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, Fe-deficiency anemia, and metabolic myopathies associated with a shortage of succinate dehydrogenase and aconitate hydratase, as well as the mutation of the gene of NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1).

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), a critical enzyme in the citric acid or tricarboxylic acid cycle, facilitates the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate while reducing NAD(P)+ to NAD(P)H, thus playing pivotal roles in cellular metabolism [1].

(Z)-Aconitic acid is the cis-isomer of Aconitic acid.is an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle produced by the dehydration of citric acid.

DL-Isocitric acid-13C4 trisodium salt is a 13C labeled form of DL-Isocitric acid (trisodium salt). As an endogenous metabolite, DL-Isocitric acid trisodium salt (T5087) acts as a substrate in the citric acid cycle. Additionally, it can serve as a marker for isocitrate content in fruit products, including juices.

Oxaloacetic acid-13C4 is the 13C labeled form of oxaloacetic acid. Oxaloacetic acid (T4862) (2-Oxosuccinic acid) serves as a metabolic intermediate involved in various pathways, including the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, the urea cycle, the glyoxylate cycle, amino acid synthesis, and fatty acid synthesis.

Citric acid-13C3 is the 13C-labeled form of citric acid. Citric acid (T5S0636) serves as a preservative and food additive. It induces apoptosis in HaCaT cells, causing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M and S phases. Additionally, citric acid leads to hepatic oxidative damage by reducing antioxidant enzyme activity and exhibits nephrotoxic effects in mice.

Citric acid-D4-1 is a deuterium-labeled variant of citric acid. Citric acid (T5S0636) functions as a preservative and food additive. It induces apoptosis in HaCaT cells, causing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M and S phases. Additionally, citric acid leads to hepatic oxidative damage by reducing antioxidant enzyme activity and exhibits nephrotoxicity in mice.

Citric acid-d4trisodium (Sodium citrate-d4) is a deuterium-labeled form of Citric acid trisodium. This compound, also known as Sodium citrate, serves as a preservative and food additive. It induces apoptosis in HaCaT cells, causing cell cycle arrest in the G2/M and S phases. Additionally, Citric acid trisodium contributes to oxidative liver damage by reducing antioxidant enzyme activity. It functions as an acidulant, emulsifier, chelating agent, and buffer, and finds extensive use in various industries.

(S)-Malic acid (Standard) is the standard substance of (S)-Malic acid, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. (S)-Malic acid ((S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid) is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid that plays a role in many sour or tart foods. Apples contain malic acid, which contributes to the sourness of a green apple. Malic acid can make a wine taste tart, although the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness. (wikipedia). In its ionized form malic acid is called malate. Malate is an intermediate of the TCA cycle along with fumarate. It can also be formed from pyruvate as one of the anaplerotic reactions. In humans, malic acid is both derived from food sources and synthesized in the body through the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle which takes place in the mitochondria. Malate's importance to the production of energy in the body during both aerobic and anaerobic conditions is well established. Under aerobic conditions, the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate provides reducing equivalents to the mitochondria through the malate-aspartate redox shuttle. During anaerobic conditions, where a buildup of excess of reducing equivalents inhibits glycolysis, malic acid's simultaneous reduction to succinate and oxidation to oxaloacetate is capable of removing the accumulating reducing equivalents. This allows malic acid to reverse hypoxia's inhibition of glycolysis and energy production. In studies on rats it has been found that only tissue malate is depleted following exhaustive physical activity. Other key metabolites from the citric acid cycle needed for energy production were found to be unchanged. Because of this, a deficiency of malic acid has been hypothesized to be a major cause of physical exhaustion. Notably, the administration of malic acid to rats has been shown to elevate mitochondrial malate and increase mitochondrial respiration and energy production.