arrest

Acacetin (5,7-Dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone) is an O-methylated flavone found in various plants, exhibiting antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities in different research models.

Thymidine (DThyd) is a cell synchronizing agent and a specific precursor of deoxyribonucleic acid. Thymidine inhibits DNA synthesis and can cause cell cycle arrest in the G1/S phase.

Maytansine (NSC-153858), an ansamycin antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata, inhibits the assembly of microtubules by binding to tubulin at the rhizoxin binding site.

Neogambogic acid, an active ingredient in garcinia, can inhibit the growth of some solid tumors [resulting in an anticancer effect], and may be responsible for the inhibition of proliferation of human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 cells.

Beta-mangostin (β-Mangostin) is a xanthone compound with antibacterial and antimalarial activities. Beta-mangostin present in Cratoxylum arborescens and exhibits antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis with an MIC of 6.25 μg/mL. Beta-mangostin possesses in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, with an IC50 of 3.00 μg/mL. Beta-mangostin has potent anticancer activity against various cancers (such as hepatocellular carcinoma, leukaemic).

Picrocrocin is a natural product

Juglanin is a JNK activator. Juglanin with inflammation and anti-tumor activities. It can induce apoptosis and autophagy on human breast cancer cells.

Paclitaxel (Taxol) is a natural product and a microtubule polymer stabilizer. Paclitaxel has anti-tumor activity and causes cell death by inducing mitotic arrest, apoptosis, and cell autophagy.

Cytarabine (Ara-C) is a nucleoside analog, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis (IC50=16 nM). Cytarabine inhibits DNA polymerase and induces cell cycle arrest, autophagy, and apoptosis. Cytarabine has antitumor activity.

2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2) is an orally bioavailable estradiol metabolite with potential antineoplastic activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol inhibits angiogenesis by reducing endothelial cell proliferation and inducing endothelial cell apoptosis. This agent also inhibits tumor cell growth by binding to tubulin, resulting in antimitotic activity, and by inducing caspase activation, resulting in cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis.

Vitamin K2 (Menatetrenone) is a menaquinone compound and form of vitamin K2 with potential antineoplastic activity. Menatetrenone may act by modulating the signaling of certain tyrosine kinases, thereby affecting several transcription factors including c-myc and c-fos. This agent inhibits tumor cell growth by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.

(S)-10-Hydroxycamptothecin (10-HCPT) is a DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor used as a clinical therapeutic agent against hepatoma.

(E/Z)-Polydatin (Polydatin), is a natural precursor and glycoside form of resveratrol with a monocrystalline structure. While it is isolated from the bark of Picea sitchensis or Polygonum cuspidatum, Polydatin may be detected in grape, peanut, hop cones, red wines, hop pellets, cocoa-containing products, chocolate products and many daily diets. Polydatin possesses anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, anti-oxidative and anti-tumor activities. It is shown to mediate a cytotoxic action on colorectal cancer cells by inducing cell arrest and apoptosis.

Lawsone methyl ether (2-Methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) induces apoptosis in A549 cells independently of cell cycle arrest, mediated by JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. These pathways are activated due to oxidative DNA damage from increased ROS generation in MNQ-treated A549 cells.

Sophoridine (Dihydro-5-episophocarpine), a natural anticancer drug, has been used in China for decades. A series of novel N-substituted Sophoridinic acid derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxicity with 1 as the lead. The structure-activity relationship indicated that introduction of an aliphatic acyl on the nitrogen atom might significantly enhance the anticancer activity. Among the compounds, 6b bearing bromoacetyl side-chain afforded a potential effect against four human tumor cell lines (liver, colon, breast, and lung). The mechanism of action of 6b is to inhibit the activity of DNA topoisomerase I, followed by the S-phase arrest and then cause apoptotic cell death, similar to that of its parent 1.

trans-Nerolidol is a sesquiterpene alcohol isolated from the above-ground parts of the Saharan Valerian plant with antifungal activity. trans-Nerolidol inhibits cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, and induces cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase.

Ginsenoside C-K (Ginsenoside K) is a bacterial metabolite of G-Rb1 exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects by reducing iNOS and COX-2.

(±)-α-Bisabolol (Bisabolol) isa sesquiterpenol extracted from essential oils of chamomile, candida and other plants. It isa natural antiseptic with soothing, antiirritating, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer activities. (±)-α-Bisabolol has anticancer effects on A549 NSC-LC cells by inducing cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial death and inhibiting PI3K Akt signaling (IC50 = 15 μM). (±)-α-Bisabolol can induce apoptosis of glioma cells.

Chlorahololide D is a natural lindane-type sesquiterpene dimer and selective potassium channel blocker that stimulates reactive oxygen species ROS levels to cause cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase, modulates Bcl-2 and Bax and FAK, thereby inhibiting MCF-7 cell growth and triggering apoptosis. Chlorahololide D inhibits tumor proliferation, migration and angiogenesis in in vivo experiments and has anti-breast cancer potential.

Terrestrosin D can induce apoptotic cell death and inhibit angiogenesis in xenograft tumor cells, cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells and endothelial cells might be plausible mechanisms of actions for the observed antitumor and an

Icaritin (Anhydroicaritin) has hormone regulation activity and cardiovascular function improvement activity. Icaritin has anticancer activity, can induce S phase arrest and apoptosis, inhibit ENKL cell proliferation. Icaritin has anti-multiple myeloma activity, mainly mediated by inhibiting IL-6 JAK2 STAT3 signaling. Icaritin at low concentration (4 or 8 μMol L) can promote rat chondrocyte proliferation and inhibit cell apoptosis, while the effect of Icaritin on rat chondrocyte at high concentration was reversed.

Pulsatilla saponin D (Hederacolchiside A) has exhibited potential beneficial effects as a chemopreventive agent for critical health conditions including cancer, and it inhibits cell growth via cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cell types.

1. Oroxylin A (Baicalein 6-methyl ether) has various anti-tumor effects including apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, drug-resistant reversion. 2. Oroxylin A possesses abilities of inhibiting the ATRA-induced IL-6 production via modulation of LAP LIP CHOP in leukemia cell lines, which could providing a therapeutic strategy for RAS. 3. Oroxylin A inhibits UCP2s triggers the MPTP opening, and promotes the apoptosis in CaCo-2 cells; uncoupling protein 2 plays a key role in mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. 4. Oroxylin A inhibits N1ICD translocating to the nucleus and binding to epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related transcription factor Snail, thus suppressing the invasion and migration of MCF-7 cells. 5. Oroxylin A improves the sensitivity of K562 ADM cells by increasing apoptosis in leukemic cells and decreasing the expression of CXCR4 and PI3K Akt NF-κB pathway, and probably served as a most promising agent for CML treatment.

Procyanidin C1 is a natural polyphenol that causes DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis induction. It reduces Bcl-2 protein levels and enhances the expression of BAX, caspase 3, and 9 in cancer cells.