β-oxidation

Etomoxir sodium salt ((R)-Etomoxir sodium salt) is a carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT-1a) inhibitor that inhibits fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Etomoxir sodium salt has antitumor activity.

NADH disodium salt (Disodium NADH) hydrate is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) that can donate electrons in a reducing reaction, becoming oxidized to produce NAD+. Various enzymes utilize NADH disodium salt hydrate plus H+ to reduce substrates, generating NAD+ and the reduced product.

Kinetin (N6-Furfuryladenine), a type of cytokinin, has plant growth regulation effects.

1-Undecanol (1-Hendecanol) is a natural product in many foods such as fruits, butter, eggs and cooked pork, is used as a flavoring ingredient.

Oleuropeinic acid, initially present in olive tissues or produced through the thermal oxidation of oleuropein, is an antioxidant-soluble fiber.

7α-Hydroxycholesterol, a cholesterol oxide formed through both enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation, can serve as a biomarker for lipid peroxidation.

PF-6274484, a high affinity, irreversible covalent inhibitor of EGFR kinase with Ki of 0.14 nM, inhibits the autophosphorylation of wild-type EGFR in A549 cells and EGFRL858R T790M in H1975 cells with IC50 of 5.8 nM and 6.6 nM, respectively.

NAD+ (β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH).

Notoginsenoside R1 (Sanchinoside R1) has been shown to exhibit antioxidant, antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and immune-stimulatory properties.

Mildronate (Meldonium) is an inhibitor of biosynthesis of L-carnitine by gamma-butyrobetaine (GBB) hydroxylase and as a competitive inhibitor of renal carnitine reabsorption.

Tetradecylthioacetic acid is a synthetic fatty acid with a sulfur substitution in the β-position. This modification renders TTA unable to undergo complete β-oxidation and increases its biological activity, including activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) with preference for PPARα.

Carvedilol (SKF 105517) Phosphate is the phosphate salt form of carvedilol, a racemic mixture and adrenergic blocking agent with antihypertensive activity and devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. The S enantiomer of carvedilol nonselectively binds to and blocks beta-adrenergic receptors, thereby exerting negative inotropic and chronotropic effects, and leading to a reduction in cardiac output. In addition, both enantiomers of carvedilol bind to and block alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, thereby causing vasodilation and reducing peripheral vascular resistance.

Tetradecanoylcarnitine (L-Myristoylcarnitine) is an acylcarnitine involved in the beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, and is a potential marker for very-long-chain coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. alpha-Dihydroartemisinin is a potent and selective inhibitor with multiple targets.

ZLY06 is a dual agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) δ and γ with oral activity (PPAR δ: EC50=341 nM; PPARγ: EC50=237 nM). It mediates the upregulation of CD36 and induces hepatic lipid accumulation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of AKT1. Moreover, ZLY06 significantly improves glucose and lipid metabolism without increasing body weight, primarily by enhancing the β-oxidation of fatty acids and reducing hepatic lipid synthesis, thereby alleviating fatty liver disease.

Eptaloprost is a novel PGI2 analogue, designed to be converted into the pharmacologically active cicaprost through a process of β-oxidation.

1. Santalol has good antibacterial, anti-oxidation and anti-tumor activities. 2. α-Santalol is a potent antimitotic agent induced by interference with microtubule assembly. 3. α-Santalol shows a significant antifungal effect against a dermatophytic fungus

Arachidonic acid is metabolized in the vascular endothelium to epoxytrienoic acids (EETs or EpETrEs) by cytochrome P450 enzymes. The EETs are released in response to acetylcholine, bradykinin, arachidonic acid, or cyclic stretch. (±)14(15)-EET-SI is the methyl sulfonamide analog of 14(15)-EET. This substitution results in a metabolically more stable compound because it is not sensitive to β-oxidation or membrane esterification. (±)14(15)-EET-SI is equipotent to 14(15)-EET in vascular agonist activity as measured by relaxation of precontracted bovine coronary arteries. In addition, 14(15)-EET and the methyl sulfonamide analog both stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation and induce mitogenesis in renal epithelial cells.

8-iso-13,14-dihydro-15-keto Prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2α) is a metabolite of the isoprostane, 8-isoprostane (8-iso PGF2α), in rabbits, monkeys and humans. 8-iso PGF2α is a PG-like product of non-specific lipid peroxidation. In both humans and monkeys, exogenously infused 8-isoprostane is converted primarily to metabolites having 2 or 4 carbon atoms removed from the top side chain by β-oxidation. A similar pattern is observed when tritiated 8-isoprostane is infused into rabbits. Early in the infusion (within 10 minutes) 8-iso-13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2α was a significant component of the metabolite profile, which was comprised mostly of dinor 8-isoprostane metabolites. 8-iso-13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2α weakly inhibits the U-46619 or collagen-induced aggregation of human platelets, although a number of the E-series isoprostanes are much more potent in this assay.

8-iso-15-keto Prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-15-keto PGF2α) is a metabolite of the isoprostane 8-iso PGF2α in rabbits, monkeys, and humans. 8-iso PGF2α is a prostaglandin-like product of non-specific lipid peroxidation. In humans and monkeys, exogenously infused 8-iso PGF2α is converted to metabolites with 2 or 4 carbon atoms removed from the top side chain by β-oxidation, with a similar pattern observed in tritiated 8-iso PGF2α-infused rabbits. Early in the infusion (within 1-2 minutes), 8-iso-15-keto PGF2α is a major component of the metabolite profile, primarily comprising unmetabolized 8-iso PGF2α. 8-iso-15-keto PGF2α is a vasoconstrictor when tested on the rat isolated thoracic aorta, acting via the TP (thromboxane) receptor.

9-Oxononanoic Acid is an oxidized fatty acid, formed by the autoxidation of linoleic acid, which enhances phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity and increases the production of thromboxane B2 in isolated human plasma.9-Oxononanoic Acid reduces hepatic neofatty acid synthesis and enhances the activity of rat hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase, a marker of β-oxidation. Activity.

9(S),12(S),13(S)-TriHOME is a linoleic acid-derived oxylipin that has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4It has been found in various plants and is produced in human eosinophils in a 15-lipoxygenase-dependent, soluble epoxide hydrolase-independent manner.1,59(S),12(S)13(S)-TriHOME inhibits antigen-induced β-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 mast cells (IC50= 28.7 μg ml).2It inhibits LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in BV-2 microglia (IC50= 40.95 μM).3In vivo, 9(S),12(S),13(S)-TriHOME (1 g animal) enhances the antiviral IgA and IgG antibody responses induced by a nasal influenza hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine by 5.2- and 2-fold, respectively, in mice.4 1.Hamberg, M., and Hamberg, G.Peroxygenase-catalyzed fatty acid epoxidation in cereal seeds: Sequential oxidation of linoleic acid into 9(S),12(S),13(S)-trihydroxy-10(E)-octadecenoic acidPlant Physiol.110(3)807-815(1996) 2.Hong, S.S., and Oh, J.S.Inhibitors of antigen-induced degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells isolated from wheat branJ. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem.5569-74(2012) 3.Kim, C.S., Kwon, O.W., Kim, S.Y., et al.Five new oxylipins from Chaenomeles sinensisLipids49(11)1151-1159(2014) 4.Shirahata, T., Sunazuka, T., Yoshida, K., et al.Total synthesis, elucidation of absolute stereochemistry, and adjuvant activity of trihydroxy fatty acidsTetrahedron62(40)9483-9496(2006) 5.Fuchs, D., Tang, X., Johnsson, A.-K., et al.Eosinophils synthesize trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids (TriHOMEs) via a 15-lipoxygenase dependent processBiochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids1865(4)158611(2020)

Octanoyl coenzyme A (octanoyl-CoA) is a medium-chain acyl CoA and a metabolic intermediate in mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. Levels of octanoyl-CoA are increased in the liver of patients with Reye's syndrome and β-oxidation of octanoyl-CoA by medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase (MCADH) is decreased in patients with MCADH deficiency (MCD). Octanoyl-CoA inhibits citrate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase.

Arachidonoyl-L-carnitine chloride is an endogenous metabolite and acylcarnitine widely used in biochemical experiments and studies of metabolic disorders.

12(S)-HETE is a product of arachidonic acid metabolism through the 12-lipoxygenase pathway. It is primarily found in platelets, leukocytes, and to a lesser extent in smooth muscle cells. It enhances tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells, fibronectin, and the subendothelial matrix. tetranor-12(S)-HETE is the major β-oxidation product resulting from peroxisomal metabolism of 12(S)-HETE in numerous tissues, and Lewis lung carcinoma cells. No biological function has yet been determined for tetranor-12(S)-HETE. Some data indicate it may play a role in controlling the inflammatory response in injured corneas. In some diseases (e.g., Zellweger's Syndrome) peroxisomal abnormalities result in the inability of cells to metabolize 12(S)-HETE, which may be responsible for symptoms of the disease. The tetranor derivative of 12(S)-HETE is available as a research tool for the elucidation of the metabolic fate of its parent compound.