urinary

Cefodizime Sodium is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic, has broad-spectrum activity

Penicillamine (Artamine), possessing antineoplastic properties, induces apoptosis by a p53-mediated mechanism and inhibits angiogenesis by chelating with copper, a cofactor for angiogenesis. Artamine is a beta dimethyl analog of the amino acid cysteine. As a degradation product of penicillin antibiotics, Artamine chelates with heavy metals and increases their urinary excretion.

Trans-2-butene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (3-Hexenedioic Acid) is a normal human unsaturated dicarboxylic acid metabolite with increased excretion in patients with Dicarboxylic aciduria caused by fatty acid metabolism disorders The urinary excretion of Trans-2-butene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid is increased in conditions of augmented mobilization of fatty acids or inhibited fatty acid oxidation.

Dimethylamine hydrochloride (N,N-Dimethylamine) is abundantly present in human urine. Main sources of urinary dimethylamine have been reported to include trimethylamine N-oxide, a common food component, and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. ADMA is excreted in the urine in part unmetabolized and in part after hydrolysis to dimethylamine by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH).

6-Hydroxynicotinic acid (6-Hydroxypyridine-3-carboxylic acid) is exploited in the use of NMR spectroscopy or gas chromatography--mass spectrometry for the diagnosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in urinary tract infection. Among the common bacteria causing urinary infection, only P. aeruginosa produces 6-hydroxynicotinic acid from nicotinic acid.

TRIA-662 (Nicotinamide Chloromethylate) is a niacin metabolite excreted via the urinary system.

N4-Acetylcytidine (N-Acetylcytidine) is a modified nucleoside. N4-acetylcytidine is an endogenous urinary nucleoside product of the degradation of transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA); urinary nucleosides are biological markers for patients with colorectal cancer.

Levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro-b-D-Glucose) is an anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. Levoglucosan can also be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers. Levoglucosan is also produced via caramelization of sugar. Consumption of caramel or caramel-containing sweets can lead to a short-term 5X increase in urinary levels of levoglucosan (from 20 uM mM creatinine to 100 uM mM creatinine).

Estriol (Oestriol) is a hydroxylated metabolite of ESTRADIOL or ESTRONE that has a hydroxyl group at C3, 16-alpha, and 17-beta position. Estriol is a major urinary estrogen. During PREGNANCY, a large amount of estriol is produced by the PLACENTA.

Urea (Carbonyldiamide) is formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end metabolite of protein catabolism and accounts for about one-half of the total urinary solids.

Indole-3-carboxylic acid (3-Indoleformic acid) is a normal urinary indolic tryptophan metabolite .

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (Dehydromucic Acid) is a normal urinary metabolite in humans. 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid is also a microbial metabolite, a product of the oxidation of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by the enzyme furfural HMF oxidoreductase which is found in the bacterium Cupriavidus basilensis.

3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid (Beta-Hydroxyisovaleric acid) is an endogenous metabolite excreted in the urine and can serve as an early and sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency.

Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (Minaline) was first identified as a degradation product of sialic acids, then as a derivative of the oxidation of the D-hydroxyproline isomers by mammalian D-amino acid oxidase. The latter relationship results from the lability of the direct oxidation product, A'-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylic acid, which loses water spontaneously to form the pyrrole. A similar reaction is catalyzed by the more specific allohydroxy-D-proline oxidase of Pseudomonas. In whole animal observations, pyrrole-2-carboxylate (PCA) ' was identified in rat or human urine after administration of the D-isomers of hydroxyproline, a finding ascribable to the action of D-amino acid oxidase. Urinary excretion of N-(pyrrole-2-carboxyl) glycine has been reported in a 5-year-old affected with type II hyperprolinemia; The child has mild developmental delay, recurrent seizures of the grand mal type and EEG alterations.

3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde shows anti-Candida efficacy and inhibits adhesion and biofilms.

trans-trans-Muconic acid is a urinary metabolite of benzene.

Tiopronin (Acadione), a sulfhydryl acylated derivative of glycine, leads to a reduction in urinary cystine concentration and subsequently reduces cystine stone formation.

Meconin, a noscapine metabolite, is a urinary detection marker for illicit opiate misuse. This product is intended for use as a forensic standard.

S-(2-Carboxypropyl)cysteine is a urinary metabolite of S-(2-Carboxypropyl)glutathione.

Lysipressin ([Lys8]-Vasopressin), Induces contraction of the rabbit urinary bladder smooth muscle, activate adenylate-cyclase. Lysipressin is Antidiuretic hormone that have been found in pigs and some marsupial families.

(S)-3,4-Dihydroxybutyric acid is a human urinary metabolite.

11β-Hydroxyandrosterone is a urinary adrenal-derived androgen metabolite in children with CAH.

Tetrahydro-11-deoxy cortisol (THS) is the primary urinary metabolite of 11-deoxycortisol. Urinary excretion of THS is elevated in patients with 11β-hydroxylase deficiency, a condition resulting from mutations in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP11B1. Urinary levels of THS are also elevated in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) and adrenocortical adenoma (ACA) but are higher in patients with ACC compared to ACA.

N2,N2-Dimethylguanosine, a urinary nucleoside, exhibits significantly higher mean levels in patients with colorectal cancer compared to those with intestinal villous adenoma or healthy adults.