substrate

3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a compound useful in organic synthesis.

DL-Isocitric acid trisodium salt is the protonated form of isocitrate, a substrate in the citric acid cycle. It is useful as a marker for determining the composition of isocitrates in fruit products, including fruit juices.

Galanthamine N-Oxide, an alkaloid extracted from Zephyranthes concolor bulbs, effectively inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from electric eel with an EC50 of 26.2 μM. It acts as a significant inhibitor of substrate accommodation within the active sites of Torpedo californica AChE (TcAChE), human AChE (hAChE), and human BChE (hBChE) enzymes.

trans-4-Hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic Acid is an organic intermediate.

Convallatoxin is a natural product

D-(-)-Arabinose is a reducing sugar useful as a substrate in analysis of arabinose isomerases and synthesis of D-erythroascorbic acid in yeast. It shows strong growth inhibition against the Caenorhabditis elegans with an IC50 of 7.5 mM.

3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl alcohol is a secondary metabolite of lignin-degrading fungi and is commonly used as a non-phenolic substrate to measure ligninolytic activity.Veratryl alcohol protects lignin peroxidase (LiP) from inactivation by H2O2 and prevents accumulation of LiP III compounds[3].

L-Carnitine (L(-)-Carnitine) is an amino acid derivative. L-Carnitine facilitates long-chain fatty acid entry into mitochondria, delivering substrate for oxidation and subsequent energy production. Fatty acids are utilized as an energy substrate in all tissues except the brain.

DL-Norepinephrine hydrochloride (DL-lysine) is a high-affinity basic amino acid substrate of amino acid transporter b0 + with a Km value in the range of 100-400 μM.

4-Hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid is a substrate of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid and is isolated from olive brine.

DL-Glyceric Acid is an endogenous metabolite that serves as a substrate for Pseudomonas aeruginosa's 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (PA0743), catalyzing the reaction (Km = 19.8 mM).

D(-)-2-Aminobutyric acid is a substrate of D-amino acid oxidase.

(2S,3R,4S)-4-Hydroxyisoleucine (Hydroxyisoleucine) from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds is a potential insulinotropic (anti-diabetic) and anti-obesity amino acid that stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic cells, activates insulin receptor substrate-associated phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase activity, and reduces plasma levels of triglycerides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol.

5-Hydroxytryptophan (NSC-92523) is a metabolite of tryptophan and a direct precursor of serotonin. It is a substrate of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase and can be used to induce depression models.

Tyramine (Uteramine) is an indirect sympathomimetic that occurs naturally in cheese and other foods. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and MONOAMINE OXIDASE to prolong the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals and may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems.

2,6-Dimethylpyrazine is an indispensable flavor additive in the food industry and an important substrate for the production of hypoglycemic and antilipolytic compounds.

Myristic acid (Crodacid) , a 14 carbon saturated fatty acid, is a rare molecule in cells and is a substrate of some fatty acid desaturases. This compound has the ability to acylate proteins by covalently binding to the N-terminal glycine residues, in a process called N-terminal myristoylation. Myristoylation of substrate proteins by this fatty acid has the potential to activate and mediate many physiological pathways. Furthermore, saturated fatty acids have been reported to be essential for biological activities of lipopolysaccharides and have demonstrated the ability to induce expression of COX-2 and NFκB (nuclear factor κB) activation.

Tridecanoic acid (Tridecylic Acid) is a 13-carbon saturated fatty acid found in dairy products and also as a product of anaerobic biodegradation of n-hexadecane. It has been identified as a substrate of phospholipase A2.

L-Arginine (L-Arg) is a substrate of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). L-Arginine is transported to vascular smooth muscle cells via a family of cationic amino acid transporters and is metabolized to nitric oxide, polyamines, or L-proline. L-Arginine is a potent vasodilator and can be used to induce experimental acute pancreatitis.

N-Methylsarcosine (Dimethylglycine) is used as an athletic performance enhancer and immunostimulant. It is also used in the treatment of autism, epilepsy and mitochondrial disease. It is also employed as a biomarker of protein degradation in chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) patients. Further, it is used as a substrate to identify, differentiate and characterize amino acid methyltransferase. It plays an important role in the development of glycine-based ionic liquids and emulsifiers.

(3-Carboxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride ((3-Carboxypropyl)trimethylammonium chlor) is a synthetic carnitine related compound used as a transporter substrate in the cloning and sequencing of human carnitine transporter 2 (CT2).

1,4-D-Gulonolactone (D-Gulonic acid γ-lactone) (also known as reduced ascorbic acid, RAA) is the substrate of the enzyme L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.3.8), which catalyzes the last step of the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in plants and animals. The enzyme L-Gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase is missing in scurvy-prone, vitamin C-deficient animals, such as humans. 1,4-D-Gulonolactone is present in human blood and has been used as one of the markers to compare changes in exercise-induced oxidative stress.

Cyclic N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine is a monosaccharide used as a precursor in the chemical or enzymatic synthesis of neuraminic acid found in glycolipids and glycoproteins.N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine is a specific substrate for the synthesis of n -acetylneuraminic acid, an essential precursor for bacterial podoplanar polysialic acid (PA).N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine is used in the synthesis of sialic acid. mannosamine is used in the synthesis of sialic acid. It is also an intermediate in the synthesis of many carbohydrate-derived bioactive compound families and drug candidates.N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine is used in the study of cognitive disorders and aging.

2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphoric acid (2'-Deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphate) is a substrate of uridine monophosphate (UMP)/cytidine monophosphate (CMP) kinase (EC 2.7.4.4) that forms dCDP, which, upon phosphorylation to dCTP, supports DNA biosynthesis.