sodium chloride

Sodium chloride is an inorganic salt constituting the primary salt in the extracellular fluid of multicellular organisms. It is employed in treating electrolyte imbalances and exhibits antimicrobial activity.

Cyclopenthiazide (Cyclomethiazide) is a thiazide diuretic used to treat hypertension and heart failure. It decreases the excretion of calcium ions and uric acid and increases the excretion of sodium and potassium ions.

Maralixibat Chloride (LUM001 chloride), an apical, sodium-dependent, bile acid transport inhibitor, prevents enterohepatic bile acid recirculation.

Bumetanide (PF 1593) is a potent sulfamoylanthranilic acid derivative belonging to the class of loop diuretics. In the brain, bumetanide may prevent seizures in neonates by blocking the bumetanide-sensitive sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter (NKCC1), thereby inhibiting chloride uptake thus, decreasing the internal chloride concentration in neurons and may block the excitatory effect of GABA in neonates.

Trichlormethiazide (Naqua) is a short-acting, 3-dichloromethyl derivative of hydrochlorothiazide, belonging to the class of thiazide diuretics. Trichlormethiazide appears to block the active reabsorption of chloride and possibly sodium in the ascending loop of Henle, altering electrolyte transfer in the proximal tubule.

Meticrane (Arresten) is a sulphonamide-derivative with thiazide-like diuretic activity.

QX-314 chloride is a membrane-impermeable, permanently charged blocker of the sodium channel.

Inulin(Inulin and sodium chloride), a starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan.

QX-222 chloride (Lidocaine N-Methyl Hydrochloride) is a sodium channel blocker.

Chlorazanil hydrochloride is the hydrochloride form of Chlorazanil.Chlorazanil, a triazine derivative, is an orally effective diuretic that blocks the absorption of sodium and chloride in the distal tubule.

Chlorazanil is a triazine-derived compound that functions as a novel, orally active, and non-toxic diuretic. Chlorazanil exerts its pharmacological effect by selectively blocking sodium and chloride ion reabsorption in the distal renal tubule, promoting diuresis and modulating electrolyte balance without inducing significant systemic toxicity, in addition, chlorazanil increases renal prostaglandin activity by increased prostaglandin synthesis,marking it as a valuable agent in renal physiology research and diuretic drug development.

Metolazone (SR-720-22) is a quinazoline-sulfonamide derived diuretic that inhibits sodium chloride symporters.

D-myo-Inositol-1,3,4-triphosphate (sodium) is one of the inositol polyphosphate isomers involved in signal transduction. It increases intracellular levels of Ins(3,4,5,6)-P4 by inhibiting the activity of Ins(3,4,5,6)-P4 kinase, which in turn suppresses calcium-activated chloride channels. This compound is regulated by cytoplasmic free calcium levels.

Ethacrynate Sodium, the sodium salt form of ethacrynic acid, could inhibit symport of chloride, potassium, and sodium primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules.

AY 31906 is a high ceiling diuretic with a relative potassium-sparing effect. AY 31906 has been shown to produce significant increases in the fractional excretion of sodium and chloride in dogs at a dose that produces no statistically significant changes

Neuromedin C is a bombesin-like neuropeptide that stimulates uterine smooth muscle contraction and the release of gastrin , somatostatin, and amylase in rats. Neuromedin C is a truncated form of gastrin-releasing peptide corresponding to the GRP amino acids 18-27. It inhibits GRP and bombesin binding to rat pancreatic membranes (IC50s = 0.4 and 2.2 nM, respectively), which can be reduced by sodium chloride and guanylyl imidodiphosphate . Neuromedin C induces scratching and mast cell degranulation in mice when administered intradermally at doses ranging from 1 to 300 nmol/site, which is inhibited by the BB2 bombesin receptor agonist RC-3095 and reduced in mast cell-deficient mice. Neuromedin C (3.2 nmol/kg, i.p.) reduces rat glucose consumption by approximately 50% for up to one hour.

Hydrochlorothiazide impurity C is a potential impurity found in commercial hydrochlorothiazide preparations. [1] Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that inhibits the apical membrane sodium chloride cotransporter in the distal and collecting duct nephron segments.[2][3][4]

5-chloro Hydrochlorothiazide is a derivative of hydrochlorothiazide, which is a diuretic and antihypertensive agent that increases renal excretion of sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions by inhibiting tubular reabsorptive mechanisms.

Chlorthalidone impurity G is a potential impurity found in commercial preparations of chlorthalidone that has moderate antihypertensive effects. Chlorthalidone is a thiazide-like diuretic that inhibits the Na+/Cl- cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney, which prevents reabsorption of sodium and chloride leading to a reduction in plasma volume and cardiac output. It also inhibits carbonic anhydrase (CA), including the isoforms CAVB, VII, IX, XII, and XIII (Kis = 2.8-23 nM) and, to a lesser extent, CAI, CAII, IV, VA, and VI (Kis = 138-1,347 nM), which may mediate its sustained vasodilatory activity. Dietary administration of chlorthalidone (8 mg per animal per day) reduces arterial hypertension and prevents or reduces ventricular hypertrophy induced by deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) in salt-hypertensive rats. Formulations containing chlorthalidone have been used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents to lower arterial blood pressure and as adjuvants to address edema caused by cardiac or renal disorders.

Urotensin II is a peptide vasoconstrictor and agonist of the urotensin (UT) receptor (Ki= 2.06 nM for the human recombinant receptor expressed in HEK293 cells).1It stimulates intracellular calcium mobilization in HEK293 cells expressing human and rat UT (EC50s = 0.47 and 0.78 nM, respectively) but decreases intracellular calcium concentration in goby (G. mirabilis) enterocytes when used at a concentration of 500 nM.2Urotensin II (20 mU/ml) stimulates active sodium and chloride absorption across isolated goby posterior intestine in 5% seawater-adapted solution.3In vivo, urotensin II (1.5-150 nmol/kg) decreases diastolic blood pressure and increases heart rate in anesthetized rats.4It also reduces the pressor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation, norepinephrine , and vasopressin in pithed rats when administered at a dose of 150 nmol/kg. 1.Ames, R.S., Sarau, H.M., Chambers, J.K., et al.Human urotensin-II is a potent vasoconstrictor and agonist for the orphan receptor GPR14Nature401(6750)282-286(1999) 2.Loretz, C.A., and Assad, J.A.Urotensin II lowers cytoplasmic free calcium concentration in goby enterocytes: Measurements using quin2Gen. Comp. Endocrinol.64(3)355-361(1986) 3.Loretz, C.A., Freel, R.W., and Bern, H.A.Specificity of response of intestinal ion transport systems to a pair of natural peptide hormone analogs: Somatostatin and urotensin IIGen. Comp. Endocrinol.52(2)198-206(1983) 4.Gibson, A., Wallace, P., and Bern, H.A.Cardiovascular effects of urotensin II in anesthetized and pithed ratsGen. Comp. Endocrinol.64(3)435-439(1986)

Bumetanide sodium is a potent loop diuretic that acts as a blocker for the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter (NKCC). It selectively inhibits NKCC1 and NKCC2, with IC50 values of 0.68 μM and 4.0 μM for hNKCC1A and hNKCC2A, respectively [1] [2].

Taplucainium chloride is a sodium channel blocker with applications as a pain reliever.

Peginterferon α-2a (PEG-IFN α2a) exhibits inhibitory effects on chronic hepatitis B and C. Its formulation includes excipients such as sodium chloride, benzyl alcohol, polysorbate 80, acetic acid, sodium acetate, and water for injection.

Metolazone-d7 is a deuterated compound of Metolazone. Metolazone has a CAS number of 17560-51-9. Metolazone is a quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.