pyruvate

Sodium dichloroacetate (BCA) , a specific inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) with IC50 values of 183 and 80 μM for PDK2 and PDK4 respectively, has been shown to derepress a mitochondrial potassium-ion channel axis, trigger apoptosis in cancer cells, and inhibit tumor growth.

3-Bromopyruvic acid (Hexokinase II Inhibitor II, 3-BP) is a hexokinase II inhibitor with Ki of 2.4 mM for glycolysis/hexokinase inhibition. It is inhibitor of tumour cell energy metabolism and chemopotentiator of platinum drugs.

α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (α-CHCA) is an inhibitor of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), which blocks pyruvate transport in rat heart mitochondria (IC50: 1.5 μM).

PKR-IN-2 is a activator of pyruvate kinase (PKR).

MSDC 0160 (CAY10415) is a prototype mTOT-modulating insulin sensitizer being used in trials studying the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease.

GW604714X (2,4-Thiazolidinedione, 5-[[5-[6-(4-acetyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-nitro-2-pyridinyl]-2-fluorophenyl]methylene]-) were found to be potent inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration supported by pyruvate

Ethyl pyruvate is a simple aliphatic ester of pyruvic acid and has been shown to have robust neuroprotective effects via its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic functions.

Pyruvate Carboxylase-IN-5 (compound 6m) is a selective and permeable inhibitor of pyruvate carboxylase. This mitochondrial enzyme plays a critical role in catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, a process essential for maintaining the steady-state levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, which serve as precursors for the synthesis of biomacromolecules, including amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose.

Isoniazid pyruvate is a metabolite of isoniazid. Isoniazid (Laniazid, Nydrazid), also known as isonicotinylhydrazine (INH), is an organic compound that is the first-line medication in prevention and treatment of tuberculosis.

Pyruvate Carboxylase-IN-1 (compound 37), a natural analog of erianin, is a potent inhibitor of pyruvate carboxylase (PC), with inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 0.204 μM and 0.104 μM in cell lysate-based and cell-based PC activity assays, respectively. This compound effectively inhibits PC enzymatic activity, contributing to its anticancer effects in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [1].

Pyruvate Carboxylase-IN-2 is a natural analog of erianin. Pyruvate Carboxylase-IN-2 (compound 29) is a potent inhibitor of pyruvate carboxylase (PC). In cell lysate-based and cell-based PC activity assays, Pyruvate Carboxylase-IN-2 shows IC 50 s of 0.065 and 0.097 μM, respectively. Pyruvate Carboxylase-IN-2 mediates the anticancer effect in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Pyruvate kinase is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP to pyruvate and ATP [1] .

Pyruvate oxidase (PoxB) is a thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent oxidase, a key enzyme in glucose metabolism, and is used in the study of invasive pneumococcal disease.

Pyruvate carboxylase, a biotin-containing enzyme, catalyzes the carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, a reaction dependent on HCO3− and MgATP. This enzyme is crucial for regulating whole-body energetics, influencing gluconeogenesis in the liver, fatty acid synthesis in adipocytes, and insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells [1] [2].

Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium-Sodium Pyruvate (ITS-A) is a supplement used in basal media to reduce the amount of fetal bovine serum (FBS) required for cell culture.

Pyruvate Carboxylase-IN-4 (Compd 8V) acts as a competitive inhibitor of Pyruvate Carboxylase, demonstrating potency with an IC 50 value of 4.3 μM.

Sodium phenylpyruvate (Phenylpyruvic acid, sodium salt) is a substrate for phenylpyruvate decarboxylase and phenylpyruvate tautomerase.

Phenylpyruvate tautomerase catalyzes the interconversion between the enol and keto isomers of phenylpyruvate and (para-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate.

Phosphoenol-3-bromopyruvate is a mechanism-based inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from maize

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is an enzyme that irreversibly catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate and bicarbonate to oxaloacetate and inorganic phosphorus in the presence of Mg2+. It is essential for the primary assimilation of CO(2) in Crassulacean acid metabolism plants and significantly influences the diurnal rhythm of plant metabolism [1] [2].

Sodium mercaptopyruvate is a sodium salt of an organic acid containing a thiol group and a metabolite of cysteine, playing a crucial role in maintaining cellular redox balance.

(L)-Sodium lactate (Sodium L-Lactate) is produced from pyruvate by the enzyme Lactate Dehydrogenase. Lactate production occurs during anaerobic glycolysis or in proliferatively active cells. L-Lactic Acid occurs in small quantities in the blood and muscle fluid of man and animals. The lactic acid concentration increases in muscle and blood after vigorous activity. L-Lactic acid is also present in liver, kidney, thymus gland, human amniotic fluid, and other organs and body fluids.

M77976 is a selective ATP-competitive inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) with an inhibitory effect on PDK4, having an IC50 value of 648 μM. It is used for research related to obesity and diabetes.

MSDC-0602K (Azemiglitazone potassium) (Azemiglitazone potassium) is a PPARγ-sparing thiazolidinedione (Ps-TZD) compound that binds to PPARγ with an IC50 of 18.25 μM. It also modulates the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC). This compound, MSDC-0602K, has potential applications in researching fatty liver conditions, including dysfunctional lipid metabolism, inflammation, and insulin resistance. MSDC-0602K acts as an insulin sensitizer, improving insulinemia and fatty liver disease in mice both individually and in combination with Liraglutide.