primary

Glycolithocholic acid (Lithocholic acid glycine conjugate) is a glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid.

Tauroursodeoxycholate (UR 906), also known as ursodoxicoltaurine, is a highly hydrophilic tertiary bile acid that is produced in humans at a low concentration. Tauroursodeoxycholate is the more hydrophilic form of ursodeoxycholic acid, which is the more abundant naturally produced bile acid in humans.Tauroursodeoxycholate is being investigated for use in several conditions such as Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC), insulin resistance, amyloidosis, Cystic Fibrosis, Cholestasis, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Cholesterol is the primary sterol in mammals, accounting for approximately 20–25% of the plasma membrane structure. It plays a key role in regulating membrane fluidity, permeability, and protein function. As an endogenous agonist of estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), cholesterol is widely involved in metabolic regulation and serves as a precursor for the synthesis of hormones and bile acids. It is commonly used in experimental models of hyperlipidemia.

Nicotinamide, a vitamin B3 derivative, is an inhibitor of SIRT1 (IC50=50-180 μM) and SIRT2 (IC50=2 μM). Nicotinamide can be used as a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD+, which can be supplemented by dietary intake and can prevent or treat melanoglossia and pellagra.

Lignin (Lignine), the primary component of plant cell walls, is a renewable aromatic polymer with strong antioxidant activity. This natural complex biopolymer is both biodegradable and biocompatible.

Xylan, the primary hemicellulose component, is found in the secondary cell walls of flowering plants.

Stearamide(Stearic acid amide) is a primary fatty acid amide that is cytotoxic and fish toxic and can be used to increase the properties of nanoparticles.

Creatine monohydrate (Methylguanidoacetic acid monohydrate) is a key player in the phosphagen energy system, especially in muscle and the brain. Creatine monohydrate is the primary source of ATP during high-intensity, short-term activities.

Muscone (3-Methylcyclopentadecanone) is an organic compound that is the primary contributor to the odor of musk.

Cholic Acid (Cholate) is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Cholic acid facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.

Acetylvanillin is a derivative of Vanillin, the primary component found in vanilla bean extract.

1-Octacosanol (Octanosol) is a straight-chain aliphatic 28-carbon primary fatty alcohol that is used as a nutritional supplement. It is reported to possess cholesterol-lowering effects, antiaggregatory properties, cytoprotective use, and ergogenic properties.

1-Heptadecanol is a long-chain primary alcohol with antibacterial activity derived from Solena amplexicaulis leaves [1]. [1]. Soumendranath Chatterjee, et al. Antibacterial Activity of Long-Chain Primary Alcohols from Solena amplexicaulis Leaves. Proceedings of the Zoological Society volume 71, pages313-319(2018).

D-Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate sodium salt hydrate is the intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. During glycolysis, it is produced by phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate by phosphofructokinase. The reverse reaction mediated by fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase-1 is one of the rate-limiting steps of gluconeogenesis. The same reaction occurs in the chloroplasts of plants, D-Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate sodium salt hydrate as part of the reducing pentose phosphate cycle. Since cancer cells use glycolysis as a primary source of metabolic energy production, this pathway has become a major target for cancer chemotherapy.

Quinine dihydrochloride (Quinine bimuriate) is a primary alkaloid of various species of Cinchona (Rubiaceae). It is also an antimalarial and muscle relaxant (skeletal).

2,2-Dihydroxyacetic acid (Formylformic acid) is an intermediate in the glyoxalate cycle, which enables certain organisms to convert fatty acids to carbohydrates.2,2-Dihydroxyacetic acid has been found to be associated with primary hyperoxaluria, an inborn error of metabolism. As an aldehyde, glyoxalate is also highly active and can modify proteins to form advanced glycosylation products (AGEs).

alpha-D-glucose (α-Dextrose) is a primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Glycoursodeoxycholic acid (Ursodeoxycholylglycine) is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct, therefore, exist in a glycine conjugated form. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals.

Astragaloside A (Astramembrannin I) is the primary pure saponin isolated from Astragalus membranaceus.

Transglutaminase (TG) is a thiolase that induces intermolecular cross-linking of proteins, by catalysing the formation of isopeptide bonds between the γ-carboxamide group of glutamine residues and the primary ε-amine group of other compounds. The enzyme plays a role in a variety of physiological processes including coagulation, antimicrobial immune responses and photosynthesis.

(E)-β-Farnesene (trans-β-Farnesene) is a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon found in Phlomis aurea Decne, serving as the primary component of many aphid alarm pheromones that disrupt feeding. It also impairs the development and survival of Chilo suppressalis larvae by disrupting their hormone balance.

1-Hexanol (hexan-1-ol) is a natural product.1-Hexanol, a primary alcohol, is a surfactant that can be employed in industrial processes to enhance interfacial properties[1]. 1-Hexanol uncouples mitochondrial respiration by a non-protonophoric mechanism[2].

Neopentylamine is a primary amine widely used in biochemical experiments and drug synthesis research.

Beauveriolide III, a cyclodepsipeptide found in Beauveria fungi, inhibits lipid droplet formation (at 3-10 μM) and cholesterol synthesis (IC50=0.41 μM). This compound also suppresses acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity (IC50=5.5 μM) and reduces atherosclerotic lesion size in Ldlr-/- and ApoE-/- mouse models (25-50 mg/kg).