palmitoylation

TVB-3664 is an orally active, selective, reversible, and highly bioavailable fatty acid synthase inhibitor (FASN) with an IC50 for palmitate synthesis of 18 nM in human and 12 nM in mouse.Significantly inhibits microtubule protein palmitoylation and mRNA expression.

VT107 is a potent pan-TEAD autopalmitoylation inhibitor. VT-107 can be used in cancer therapy research.[1]

H-151 is a highly potent and selective STING antagonist. H-151 covalently binds to Cys91 of STING and inhibits palmitoylation of Cys91, thereby inhibiting STING activity. H-151 can be used in the study of autoinflammatory diseases in vivo and ex vivo.

VT104 is a potent and orally active YAP TAZ inhibitor for cancer research. VT104 blocks palmitoylation of endogenous TEAD1 and TEAD3 proteins.

VT103 is an orally active and selective inhibitor of TEAD1 protein palmitoylation and is an analog of VT101. VT103 has potential antitumor activity by inhibiting YAP TAZ-TEAD-promoted gene transcriptionment, blocking TEAD auto-palmitoylation, and blocking the interaction between YAP TAZ and TEAD.VT103 can be used in the study of HER2-positive breast cancer, prostate cancer, and triple-negative breast cancer.

2-Bromohexadecanoic acid (2-BP) is a non-metabolizable palmitate analog, an agonist of PPARδ, which acts as a palmitoylation inhibitor and inhibits DHHC-mediated palmitoylation.

Cyano-myracrylamide is an inhibitor of zinc finger DHHC domain-containing palmitoyltransferase 20 (zDHHC20) with an IC50 value of 1.35 µM. It also inhibits the S-palmitoylation of EGFR and CD36. In HEK293T cells expressing recombinant E. coli GobX, recombinant human MyD88, or endogenous Ras, Cyano-myracrylamide inhibits the S-palmitoylation of E. coli E3 ligase GobX, MyD88, and Ras, which are substrates of zDHHC20, zDHHC9, and zDHHC6.

pan-TEAD-IN-1 (Compound 3) is an orally active pan-inhibitor of TEAD, disrupting its interaction with coactivators YAP TAZ by targeting the palmitoylation site of TEAD. This inhibition leads to the downregulation of oncogene transcription, such as Ctgf and Cyr61, within the Hippo signaling pathway. Demonstrating outstanding efficacy, pan-TEAD-IN-1 has an IC50 of 0.36 nM for luciferase and 1.52 nM for H226 cells, along with favorable pharmacokinetic properties (AUC0–∞= 228.7 μg mL·min, T1 2= 183.9 min). The compound significantly inhibits tumor growth in xenograft models of TEAD-dependent cancers, indicating its potential for research in these cancer types.

STING IN 42 has STING inhibitory activity and can block palmitoylation of STING proteins and downstream STING signaling. STING IN 42 has good pharmacokinetic properties and can effectively inhibit STING mediated inflammation in mice treated with 10-carboxymethyl-9-acridone (CMA) and Trex1- - mice orally.

TEAD-IN-1 (Compound 2) is an effective inhibitor of TEAD auto-palmitoylation with an IC50 of 603 nM. It enhances the interaction between TEAD and VGLL4, while diminishing the interaction between YAP and TEAD. TEAD-IN-1 is applicable for cancer research.

STING-IN-11 (Compound 42) is an orally active STING inhibitor with an IC50 of 37.8 nM. It impedes palmitoylation of the STING protein and the downstream signaling of STING, thereby inhibiting STING-mediated inflammation. STING-IN-11 demonstrates good in vivo safety and can be utilized for research on STING-related inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

IWP-3 is a potent inhibitor of Wnt production with an IC50 of 40 nM. It inhibits Porcupine (Porcn), blocking the palmitoylation of Wnt proteins, and moderately inhibits CK1γ3 and CK1ε, but does not inhibit CK1α [1] [2].

Palmitic acid-13C is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid is a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid. It comprises approximately 25% of human total plasma lipids.1 It increases protein levels of COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells when used at a concentration of 75 μM.2 Palmitic acid is involved in the acylation of proteins to anchor membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer.2,3,4,5,6 |1. Santos, M.J., López-Jurado, M., Llopis, J., et al. Influence of dietary supplementation with fish oil on plasma fatty acid composition in coronary heart disease patients. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 39(1), 52-62 (1995).|2. Lee, J.Y., Sohn, K.H., Rhee, S.H., et al. Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated through toll-like receptor 4. J. Biol. Chem. 276(20), 16683-16689 (2001).|3. Dietzen, D.J., Hastings, W.R., and Lublin, D.M. Caveolin is palmitoylated on multiple cysteine residues. Palmitoylation is not necessary for localization of caveolin to caveolae. J. Biol. Chem. 270(12), 6838-6842 (1995).|4. Robinson, L.J., and Michel, T. Mutagenesis of palmitoylation sites in endothelial nitric oxide synthase identifies a novel motif for dual acylation and subcellular targeting. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 92(25), 11776-11780 (1995).|5. Topinka, J.R., and Bredt, D.S. N-terminal palmitoylation of PSD-95 regulates association with cell membranes and interaction with K+ channel Kv1.4. Neuron 20(1), 125-134 (1998).|6. Miggin, S.M., Lawler, O.A., and Kinsella, B.T. Palmitoylation of the human prostacyclin receptor. Functional implications of palmitoylation and isoprenylation. J. Biol. Chem. 278(9), 6947-6958 (2003).

Palmitic acid-13C is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid-13C contains 13C at the C2 position and has been used in the study of free fatty acid incorporation into phospholipid fatty acids in soil microbes.1 Palmitic acid is a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid. It comprises approximately 25% of human total plasma lipids.2 It increases protein levels of COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells when used at a concentration of 75 μM.3 Palmitic acid is involved in the acylation of proteins to anchor membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer.3,4,5,6,7 |1. Dippold, M.A., and Kuzyakov, Y. Direct incorporation of fatty acids into microbial phospholipids in soils: Position-specific labeling tells the story. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 174(1), 211-221 (2016).|2. Santos, M.J., López-Jurado, M., Llopis, J., et al. Influence of dietary supplementation with fish oil on plasma fatty acid composition in coronary heart disease patients. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 39(1), 52-62 (1995).|3. Lee, J.Y., Sohn, K.H., Rhee, S.H., et al. Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated through toll-like receptor 4. J. Biol. Chem. 276(20), 16683-16689 (2001).|4. Dietzen, D.J., Hastings, W.R., and Lublin, D.M. Caveolin is palmitoylated on multiple cysteine residues. Palmitoylation is not necessary for localization of caveolin to caveolae. J. Biol. Chem. 270(12), 6838-6842 (1995).|5. Robinson, L.J., and Michel, T. Mutagenesis of palmitoylation sites in endothelial nitric oxide synthase identifies a novel motif for dual acylation and subcellular targeting. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 92(25), 11776-11780 (1995).|6. Topinka, J.R., and Bredt, D.S. N-terminal palmitoylation of PSD-95 regulates association with cell membranes and interaction with K+ channel Kv1.4. Neuron 20(1), 125-134 (1998).|7. Miggin, S.M., Lawler, O.A., and Kinsella, B.T. Palmitoylation of the human prostacyclin receptor. Functional implications of palmitoylation and isoprenylation. J. Biol. Chem. 278(9), 6947-6958 (2003).

MSC-4106, an orally active and potent YAP TAZ-TEAD inhibitor, disrupts TEAD1 and TEAD3 auto-palmitoylation and demonstrates significant efficacy in the NCI-H226 tumor xenograft model [1].

RUSKI-201 dihydrochloride is a potent and specific inhibitor of Hedgehog acyltransferase (Hhat) (IC50: 0.20 μM). It blocks Hh signaling in Shh-overexpressing cells and inhibits Hh palmitoylation. RUSKI-201 dihydrochloride is a promising Hhat chemical probe for studying Hhat catalytic function.

DC-TEADin02 is an inhibitor of TEAD auto palmitoylation (IC50 = 197 nM). DC-TEADin02 can be in studies about development, regeneration, and tissue homeostasis.

VT101 is a TEAD Auto-palmitoylation inhibitor that Selectively Inhibit Proliferation and Tumor Growth of NF2-deficient Mesothelioma. VT101 inhibited the firefly luciferase reporter dose-dependently and had no 204 effect on the Renilla luciferase reporter.

VT-102 is a TEAD Auto-palmitoylation inhibitor that Selectively Inhibit Proliferation and Tumor Growth of NF2-deficient Mesothelioma. VT102 inhibited the firefly luciferase reporter dose-dependently and had no 204 effect on the Renilla luciferase reporter.

C-178 is a covalent inhibitor of STING, binds to Cys91 on STING to block its palmitoylation and prevents recruitment and phosphorylation of TBK1 in HEK293T cells.

Zamaporvint (RXC004) is a selective, orally active and potent inhibitor of the Wnt pathway that acts on the membrane-bound fatty acyltransferase porcupine to block Wnt ligand palmitoylation, secretion, and pathway activation.Zamaporvint has shown anti-tumor and anti-proliferative activity in a wide range of cancer cell lines.

SWTX-143, a novel covalent inhibitor, specifically and irreversibly binds to the palmitoylation pocket of all four TEAD isoforms, inhibiting the transcriptional activity of the YAP TAZ-TEAD complex and demonstrating antitumor activity [1].

TM2 TEAD inhibitor, a robust and reversible inhibitor of the TEA domain transcription factor, presents dual inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 38 nM for TEAD4 auto-palmitoylation and 156 nM for TEAD2 palmitoylation. It effectively blocks the TEAD-YAP association and their transcriptional activities, leading to significant antiproliferative effects in YAP-dependent cancer cell lines, both as a standalone agent and in combination with a MEK inhibitor. Additionally, it impedes YAP-dependent liver organoid growth ex vivo.

Palmitoleic acid alkyne, an ω-terminal alkyne derivative of palmitoleic acid, facilitates click chemistry applications. This compound has played a crucial role in examining protein palmitoylation processes. Specifically, the cis form of palmitoleic acid alkyne selectively tags wild-type Wnt3a protein within mouse fibroblast L-cells expressing Wnt3a and its secretion in conditioned media, distinguishing itself from the trans form and proving ineffective against the S209A mutant Wnt3a.