oxidase

Norharmane (β-Carboline) is a natural β-carboline first isolated from plants of the Zygophyllaceae family.

Harmane (Loturine) is a bio-active β-Carboline and monoamine oxidase inhibitor found in coffee and tobacco smoke.

Oxalate Oxidase, catalyzes the oxidation of oxalate to hydrogen peroxide and carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen. Found in various plants (such as barley) and microorganisms, Oxalate Oxidase is utilized in the treatment of oxalate-containing wastewater and filtrates.

Xanthine oxidase-IN-8 (Icarisids J) (Compound 7) acts as an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 29.71 μM [1].

Xanthine Oxidase-IN-9 (also known as Icarisids E or Compound 2) effectively inhibits xanthine oxidase (XOD) with an IC50 value of 31.81 μM [1].

Glucose oxidase, an enzyme extracted from the fungus Aspergillus niger, is an important industrial enzyme in the food industry and is widely used in the deoxygenation of foods such as wine, beer, fruit juice, milk powder, and in the improvement of flour and prevention of browning of foods, etc. It has antioxidant and potential anticancer activities.

Pyruvate oxidase (PoxB) is a thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent oxidase, a key enzyme in glucose metabolism, and is used in the study of invasive pneumococcal disease.

Rutin (Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside), a flavonoid, has a variety of biological activities including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anticarcinogenic properties.

Aucuparin (2,6-dimethoxy-4-phenylphenol) is a plant antibiotic with anti-inflammatory activity. Aucuparin inhibited pulmonary fibrosis in mouse models induced by bleomycin (BLM). ABTS and FRAP showed clear scavenging activity. Aucuparin inhibited superoxide production of human neutrophils induced by fmlp, and its IC50 was 17.0μM.

D(-)-2-Aminobutyric acid is a substrate of D-amino acid oxidase.

D-Cysteine, the D-isomer of cysteine, is a powerful inhibitor of E. coli growth and is mediated by D-amino acid oxidase to produce H2S, serving as a neuroprotective agent against cerebellar ataxia. Additionally, D-cysteine can inhibit the growth and cariogenicity of a two-species biofilm formed by Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus hemoglobin.

Paeonol (Peonol) is an active extraction from Paeonia suffruticosa. Paeonol inhibits MAO-A and MAO-B with IC50 of 54.6 μM and 42.5 μM, respectively.

Phytic acid (Fytic Acid) is a complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.

Ammonium formate (Formic acid ammonium salt) is the simplest carboxylic acid. Formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism. It is responsible for both metabolic acidosis and disrupting mitochondrial electron transport and energy production by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase activity, the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. Cell death from cytochrome oxidase inhibition by formate is believed to result partly from depletion of ATP, reducing energy concentrations so that essential cell functions cannot be maintained. Furthermore, inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by formate may also cause cell death by increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) secondary to the blockade of the electron transport chain.

Isovanillin (5-Formylguaiacol) is a reversible inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase. It is largely used as pharmaceutical intermediates and also applied in food and beverage industry, synthetic fragrances, chemical.

Sulfentrazone (FP-846) is purified form of sulfentrazone which acts as a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor.It is a phenyl triazolinone herbicide

4-aminobenzoic acid is an organic acid with UV-absorbing and antifibrotic properties. When exposed to light, 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs UV light and releases excess energy through a photochemical reaction, which may cause DNA damage.4-aminobenzoic acid also increases oxygen uptake at the tissue level and may enhance monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity to promote serotonin degradation, which in excess may lead to fibrotic Changes.

Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate (myo-Inositol, hexakis(dihydrogen phosphate) dodecasodium salt hydrate) is a phosphorus storage compound of seeds and cereal grains. Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate inhibits the enzymatic superoxide source xanthine oxidase with an IC50 of 6 mM and has antioxidative, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects.

1,4-D-Gulonolactone (D-Gulonic acid γ-lactone) (also known as reduced ascorbic acid, RAA) is the substrate of the enzyme L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.3.8), which catalyzes the last step of the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in plants and animals. The enzyme L-Gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase is missing in scurvy-prone, vitamin C-deficient animals, such as humans. 1,4-D-Gulonolactone is present in human blood and has been used as one of the markers to compare changes in exercise-induced oxidative stress.

Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (Minaline) was first identified as a degradation product of sialic acids, then as a derivative of the oxidation of the D-hydroxyproline isomers by mammalian D-amino acid oxidase. The latter relationship results from the lability of the direct oxidation product, A'-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylic acid, which loses water spontaneously to form the pyrrole. A similar reaction is catalyzed by the more specific allohydroxy-D-proline oxidase of Pseudomonas. In whole animal observations, pyrrole-2-carboxylate (PCA) ' was identified in rat or human urine after administration of the D-isomers of hydroxyproline, a finding ascribable to the action of D-amino acid oxidase. Urinary excretion of N-(pyrrole-2-carboxyl) glycine has been reported in a 5-year-old affected with type II hyperprolinemia; The child has mild developmental delay, recurrent seizures of the grand mal type and EEG alterations.

Apocynin (NSC 2146) is a specific NADPH-oxidase inhibitor (IC50: 10 μM).

It is an isomer of cresotinic acid (2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid) and oxymethylbenzoic acid (2-methoxybenzoic acid). Derivatives of mandelic acid are formed as a result of metabolism of adrenaline and noradrenaline by monoamine oxidase and catechol-o-methyl transferase. It is also present in certain skin care products, is an intermediate molecule in the production of other biochemicals, may be used as an analytical reagent and is a precursor in the manufacture of dyes. Mandelic acid (acidomandelico) is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

Rosmarinic acid (Labiatenic acid) is widely found in plants and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. It inhibits MAO-A, MAO-B, and COMT with IC50 of 50.1, 184.6, and 26.7 μM respectively.

Xanthine (Isoxanthine) is a product on the pathway of purine degradation. Xanthine is subsequently converted to uric acid by the action of the Xanthine oxidase enzyme. Xanthine is found in most body tissues and fluids in various organisms. Biologically Xanthine is produced from guanine by cypin (guanine deaminase). Furthermore, Xanthines act as antagonists for adenosine receptors, with selectivity depending on whether there are substitution of alkyl groups.