metabolic product

Dulcite (D-Galactitol) is a sugar alcohol that is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose.

Suberic acid (1,8-Octanedioic acid) is present in the urine of patients with fatty acid oxidation disorders. A metabolic breakdown product derived from oleic acid. Elevated levels of this unstaruated dicarboxylic acid are found in individuals with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD). Suberic acid is also associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, malonyl-Coa decarboxylase deficiency.

Pregnanediol (5Beta-Pregnane-3Alpha,20alpha-Diol) is an inactive metabolite of PROGESTERONE by reduction at C5, C3, and C20 position. Pregnanediol(5Beta-Pregnane-3Alpha,20alpha-Diol) has two hydroxyl groups, at 3-alpha and 20-alpha. It is detectable in URINE after OVULATION and is found in great quantities in the pregnancy urine.

FAPy-adenine HCl is a metabolic marker for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Syndrome and is a mutagenic product of ROS-induced DNA damage.

(1S)-Calcitriol (1α,25-Dihydroxy-3-epi-vitamin-D3), a natural metabolite of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3), exerts potent actions through vitamin D receptor (VDR) activation, including the inhibition of keratinocyte growth and suppression of parathyroid hormone secretion [1].

Bile acids are essential for solubilization and transport of dietary lipids, are the major products of cholesterol catabolism, and are physiological ligands for farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor that regulates genes involved in lipid metabolism.1They are also inherently cytotoxic, as physiological imbalance contributes to increased oxidative stress.2,3Bile acid-controlled signaling pathways are promising novel targets to treat such metabolic diseases as obesity, type II diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis.Guggulsterone, derived from resin of the guggul tree, is a competitive antagonist of FXR bothin vitroandin vivo.4Thecisstereoisomer of guggulsterone, (E)-guggulsterone, decreases chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA)-induced FXR activation with an IC50value of 15 μM.5,6By inhibiting CDCA-induced transactivation of FXR, guggulsterone lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rodents fed a high cholesterol diet.4 1.Makishima, M., Okamoto, A.Y., Repa, J.J., et al.Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acidsScience2841362-1365(1999) 2.Barbier, O., Torra, I.P., Sirvent, A., et al.FXR induces the UGT2B4 enzyme in hepatocytes: A potential mechanism of negative feedback control of FXR activityGastroenterology1241926-1940(2003) 3.Tan, K.P., Yang, M., and Ito, S.Activation of nuclear factor (erythroid-2 like) factor 2 by toxic bile acids provokes adaptive defense responses to enhance cell survival at the emergence of oxidative stressMol. Pharmacol.72(5)1380-1390(2007) 4.Urizar, N.L., Liverman, A.B., Dodds, D.T., et al.A natural product that lowers cholesterol as an anatagonist ligand for FXRScience296(5573)1703-1706(2002) 5.Cui, J., Huang, L., Zhao, A., et al.Guggulsterone is a farnesoid X receptor antagonist in coactivator association assays but acts to enhance transcription of bile salt export pumpThe Journal of Biological Chemisty278(12)10214-10220(2003) 6.Wu, J., Xia, C., Meier, J., et al.The hypolipidemic natural product guggulsterone acts as an antagonist of the bile acid receptorMolecular Endocrinology16(7)1590-1597(2002)

Androsterone, a metabolic product of testosterone, can activate Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR).

XYLOBIOSE ia a natural product,and exhibited therapeutic potential for treating obesity which involved suppression of fat deposition and obesity-related metabolic disorders.

1. Demethoxycurcumin (Desmethoxycurcumin) has antioxidant activity. 2. Demethoxycurcumin has anti-inflammatory activity. 3. Demethoxycurcumin has anti-proliferative activity. 4. Demethoxycurcumin has anti-acanthamoebic effect. 5. Demethoxycurcumin is a potential additive natural product in combination with chemotherapeutic agents in drug-resistant cancers. 6. Demethoxycurcumin inhibits energy metabolic and oncogenic signaling pathways through AMPK activation in triple-negative breast cancer cells.

α,α-Trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) potassium is an intrinsic 6-phosphate derivative of α,α′-trehalose that acts as an intermediary metabolite, undergoing enzymatic conversion to the final metabolic product, α,α′-trehalose, via the enzyme Tre6P phosphatase (T6PP) [1].

3-Methylhistidine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as histidine and derivatives. Histidine and derivatives are compounds containing cysteine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group or the carboxy group

De-O-methyllasiodiplodin exhibits radical scavenging, moderate antibacterial, and potential anti-inflammatory effects, it shows moderate suppression effects on induced NO production. De-O-methyllasiodiplodin effectively lowers the blood glucose level in d

Volkensiflavone (Talbotaflavone) is a natural product found in astragalus and garcinia. It has the function of plant metabolite, is a secondary metabolic product. Volkensiflavone is a biflavonoid belonging to the hydroxyl and oxyflavone groups. Volkensiflavone can be used as an adjuvant in the antibiotic treatment of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus that overexpresses efflux pumps.