metabolic product

Pregnanediol (5Beta-Pregnane-3Alpha,20alpha-Diol) is an inactive metabolite of PROGESTERONE by reduction at C5, C3, and C20 position. Pregnanediol(5Beta-Pregnane-3Alpha,20alpha-Diol) has two hydroxyl groups, at 3-alpha and 20-alpha. It is detectable in URINE after OVULATION and is found in great quantities in the pregnancy urine.

Dulcite (D-Galactitol) is a sugar alcohol that is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose.

Cholesterol is the primary sterol in mammals, accounting for approximately 20–25% of the plasma membrane structure. It plays a key role in regulating membrane fluidity, permeability, and protein function. As an endogenous agonist of estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), cholesterol is widely involved in metabolic regulation and serves as a precursor for the synthesis of hormones and bile acids. It is commonly used in experimental models of hyperlipidemia.

Suberic acid (1,8-Octanedioic acid) is present in the urine of patients with fatty acid oxidation disorders. A metabolic breakdown product derived from oleic acid. Elevated levels of this unstaruated dicarboxylic acid are found in individuals with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD). Suberic acid is also associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, malonyl-Coa decarboxylase deficiency.

Histamine dihydrochloride (Ceplene) is the dihydrochloride salt form of histamine, an endogenous metabolic product. Histamine is an organic nitrogen-containing compound with diverse biological activities. It acts as a potent stimulator of gastric acid secretion, a bronchial smooth muscle constrictor, and a vasodilator, as well as a neurotransmitter with central nervous system activity. It is commonly used to induce gastric ulcer models in research.

Delta-Nonalactone exhibits weak agonistic activity against TRPV1 and can be used for metabolic research, and is widely used in biochemical experiments and drug synthesis research.

FAPy-adenine HCl is a metabolic marker for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Syndrome and is a mutagenic product of ROS-induced DNA damage.

2-Pentanone is a five-carbon ketone volatile organic compound that occurs naturally in the plant Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco) and in blue cheese as a metabolic product of Penicillium mold growth during the ripening process.

(1S)-Calcitriol (1α,25-Dihydroxy-3-epi-vitamin-D3), a natural metabolite of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3), exerts potent actions through vitamin D receptor (VDR) activation, including the inhibition of keratinocyte growth and suppression of parathyroid hormone secretion [1].

Bile acids are essential for solubilization and transport of dietary lipids, are the major products of cholesterol catabolism, and are physiological ligands for farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor that regulates genes involved in lipid metabolism.1They are also inherently cytotoxic, as physiological imbalance contributes to increased oxidative stress.2,3Bile acid-controlled signaling pathways are promising novel targets to treat such metabolic diseases as obesity, type II diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis.Guggulsterone, derived from resin of the guggul tree, is a competitive antagonist of FXR bothin vitroandin vivo.4Thecisstereoisomer of guggulsterone, (E)-guggulsterone, decreases chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA)-induced FXR activation with an IC50value of 15 μM.5,6By inhibiting CDCA-induced transactivation of FXR, guggulsterone lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rodents fed a high cholesterol diet.4 1.Makishima, M., Okamoto, A.Y., Repa, J.J., et al.Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acidsScience2841362-1365(1999) 2.Barbier, O., Torra, I.P., Sirvent, A., et al.FXR induces the UGT2B4 enzyme in hepatocytes: A potential mechanism of negative feedback control of FXR activityGastroenterology1241926-1940(2003) 3.Tan, K.P., Yang, M., and Ito, S.Activation of nuclear factor (erythroid-2 like) factor 2 by toxic bile acids provokes adaptive defense responses to enhance cell survival at the emergence of oxidative stressMol. Pharmacol.72(5)1380-1390(2007) 4.Urizar, N.L., Liverman, A.B., Dodds, D.T., et al.A natural product that lowers cholesterol as an anatagonist ligand for FXRScience296(5573)1703-1706(2002) 5.Cui, J., Huang, L., Zhao, A., et al.Guggulsterone is a farnesoid X receptor antagonist in coactivator association assays but acts to enhance transcription of bile salt export pumpThe Journal of Biological Chemisty278(12)10214-10220(2003) 6.Wu, J., Xia, C., Meier, J., et al.The hypolipidemic natural product guggulsterone acts as an antagonist of the bile acid receptorMolecular Endocrinology16(7)1590-1597(2002)

Androsterone, a metabolic product of testosterone, can activate Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR).

XYLOBIOSE ia a natural product,and exhibited therapeutic potential for treating obesity which involved suppression of fat deposition and obesity-related metabolic disorders.

1. Demethoxycurcumin (Desmethoxycurcumin) has antioxidant activity. 2. Demethoxycurcumin has anti-inflammatory activity. 3. Demethoxycurcumin has anti-proliferative activity. 4. Demethoxycurcumin has anti-acanthamoebic effect. 5. Demethoxycurcumin is a potential additive natural product in combination with chemotherapeutic agents in drug-resistant cancers. 6. Demethoxycurcumin inhibits energy metabolic and oncogenic signaling pathways through AMPK activation in triple-negative breast cancer cells.

α,α-Trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) potassium is an intrinsic 6-phosphate derivative of α,α′-trehalose that acts as an intermediary metabolite, undergoing enzymatic conversion to the final metabolic product, α,α′-trehalose, via the enzyme Tre6P phosphatase (T6PP) [1].

3-Methylhistidine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as histidine and derivatives. Histidine and derivatives are compounds containing cysteine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group or the carboxy group

Dulcite (Standard) is the standard substance of Dulcite, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Dulcite (D-Galactitol) is a sugar alcohol that is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose.

8-oxo-Δ9-THC is a compound classified as a metabolite of plant cannabinoids. As a metabolic product of Δ9-THC, 8-oxo-Δ9-THC has been found in cannabis.

De-O-methyllasiodiplodin exhibits radical scavenging, moderate antibacterial, and potential anti-inflammatory effects, it shows moderate suppression effects on induced NO production. De-O-methyllasiodiplodin effectively lowers the blood glucose level in d

Volkensiflavone (Talbotaflavone) is a natural product found in astragalus and garcinia. It has the function of plant metabolite, is a secondary metabolic product. Volkensiflavone is a biflavonoid belonging to the hydroxyl and oxyflavone groups. Volkensiflavone can be used as an adjuvant in the antibiotic treatment of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus that overexpresses efflux pumps.