insulin resistance

Cichoric Acid (Dicaffeoyltartaric acid) is a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) integrase and the replication in tissues. It also a class of cannabinomimetics with CB2 receptor-dependent and independent.

Tauroursodeoxycholate (UR 906), also known as ursodoxicoltaurine, is a highly hydrophilic tertiary bile acid that is produced in humans at a low concentration. Tauroursodeoxycholate is the more hydrophilic form of ursodeoxycholic acid, which is the more abundant naturally produced bile acid in humans.Tauroursodeoxycholate is being investigated for use in several conditions such as Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC), insulin resistance, amyloidosis, Cystic Fibrosis, Cholestasis, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Emodin (Frangula emodin) is a naturally occurring anthraquinone present in the roots and barks of numerous plants; exerts antiproliferative effects in Y cells that are regulated by different signaling pathways.

DEHP (Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) is utilized to impart softness and flexibility to PVC products. It has been implicated in obesity and insulin resistance, inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, and adversely affects the endocrine system.

Silymarin (Silybin B) (Silybin B) is a polyphenolic flavonoid that extracts from the milk thistle or seeds of Silybum marianum. It is used in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases.

Bilobetin ameliorates insulin resistance by PKA-mediated phosphorylation of PPARα in rats fed a high-fat diet.

1. Eriodictyol (Huazhongilexone) is a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. 2. Eriodictyol may possess antidiabetic properties through increasing glucose uptake and improving insulin resistance. 3. Eriodictyol may be a potential therapeutic resource for Atopic dermatitis and an adjunctive agent to control itchiness inAtopic dermatitis.

Diacerein (Fisiodar) is a prodrug which is metabolized to rhein. It is currently approved in France for the treatment of osteoarthritis although the use of diacerein is restricted due to the side effects including sevre diarrhea [L780]. Diacerein is under investigation for the treatment of Insulin Resistance, Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2), and Diabetes-Related Complications.

Lysophosphatidylcholine 18:2 is a mouse metabolite functionally related to linoleic acid.18:2 LysoPC is a major component of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and low plasma levels of LPC 18:2 have been associated with metabolic disorders such as impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and coronary artery disease.1-Linoleoyl 1-Linoleoyl-2-Hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC is also a substrate for the generation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) from Autotaxin (LysoPLD), which plays an important role in cell motility.

Bellidifolin (Bellidifoline) has anti-oxidation, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and antitumor actions, it may contribute to the protective effects associated with nerve injury initiated by hypoxia by mechanisms related to inhibition of cell apoptosis independent of the ERK pathway. Bellidifolin shows interesting inhibitory activity of monoamine oxidases (MAO) A, it could be useful for treating type-2 diabetes, likely via the improvement of insulin resistance (IR). Bellidifolin also shows an antifungal effect (MIC values of 50 microg mL).

Vaccarin is a major flavonoid glycoside in Vaccariae semen, its biotransformation pathways involves methylation, hydroxylation, glycosylation and deglycosylation.

3,5-Diiodo-L-thyronine (Diiodothyronine) is an iodinated thyronine hormone that regulates gene activity affecting processes such as homeostasis, lipid metabolism and insulin resistance.

Norbixin, a carotenoid found in B. orellana, exhibits various biological activities including binding to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) with a Ki of 1.15 µM in a cell-free assay. At a dosage of 47.7 mg/kg, norbixin effectively alleviates hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance, in addition to reducing serum lipid levels, cardiac thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and glutathione (GSH) in rat cardio-metabolic syndrome models. It also lowers serum levels of oxidized LDL, aortic protein oxidation, and the atherosclerotic area in a rabbit cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis model. Furthermore, norbixin, administered at 0.1 and 1 mg/kg per day, minimizes mercury-induced DNA damage in rat hepatocytes and leukocytes and prevents photoreceptor degeneration in an Abca4-/- Rdh8-/- mouse model of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Pinusolide is a platelet activating factor ( PAF) antagonist, it may prove of therapeutic value in the treatment of hypotension, it has antileukemic potential, and could be used to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Pinusolide attenuates blockade of insulin signaling by enhancing IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation by the activating the AMPK pathway, indicates the targeting of AMPK represents a new therapeutic strategy for hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

Bi-linderone shows significant activity against glucosamine-induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells at a concentration of 1 microg/mL.

(R)-5-Hydroxy-1,7-diphenylheptan-3-one ((5R)-Dihydroyashabushiketol) is extracted from the rhizomes of Alpinia officinarum, a Chinese medicinal herb, and inhibits melanogenesis in theophylline-stimulated murine B16 melanoma 4A5 cells.

Tectoruside is a phenolic glycoside derived from Iris and Leopard lily with antimutagenic and antioxidant activity that attenuates palmitate-induced endothelial insulin resistance by targeting ROS-associated inflammation and the IRS-1 pathway Tectoruside can be used in cancer research.

Egg oil is a natural oil composed primarily of cholesterol, lecithin, and glycerides of fatty acids. It exhibits activity in regulating gut microbial dysbiosis and alleviating obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation [1] [2] [3] [4].