gluconeogenesis

Biotin (Vitamin H) is a water-soluble B-vitamin and is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids.

Glucagon (1-29), bovine, human, porcine hydrochloride (Porcine glucagon hydrochloride) is a peptide hormone produced by pancreatic α-cells that activates HNF4α, increases HNF4α phosphorylation, and stimulates gluconeogenesis.

GSK4112 (SR6452) is a Rev-erbα agonist with an EC50 of 0.4 μM and serves as a small molecule chemical probe for studying the cell biology of the nuclear heme receptor Rev-erbα.

Regaloside H, a glyceryl phenylpropionate glycoside, is a gluconeogenesis inhibitor.

KL 001 is a Cryptochrome protein (CRY) stabilizer. KL001 prevented ubiquitin-dependent degradation of CRY, resulting in lengthening of the circadian period. KL001-mediated CRY stabilization inhibited glucagon-induced gluconeogenesis in primary hepatocytes. KL001 thus provides a tool to study the regulation of CRY-dependent physiology and aid development of clock-based therapeutics of diabetes.

D-(-)-3-Phosphoglyceric acid disodium (3-Phospho-D-glyceric acid disodium) is an intermediate in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and the biosynthesis of serine, glycine, and threonine, competitively inhibiting yeast enolase. It also functions as an intermediate in biosynthetic pathways in plants, eukaryotes, and prokaryotes.

Phanginin A, a natural product discovered in Caesalpinia sappan Linn, activates SIK1 and inhibits gluconeogenesis in mouse primary hepatocytes. Phanginin A increases PDE4 activity and suppresses the hepatic cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway, improving metabolic disorders in ob/ob mice. It may be used in studies of type 2 diabetes.

Hydrocortisone (Cortisol) is a glucocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenocortex. Hydrocortisone agonizes the glucocorticoid receptor, which promotes proteolytic metabolism, gluconeogenesis, capillary wall stabilization, and renal calcium excretion, as well as suppressing immune and inflammatory responses.

D-Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate sodium salt hydrate is the intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. During glycolysis, it is produced by phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate by phosphofructokinase. The reverse reaction mediated by fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase-1 is one of the rate-limiting steps of gluconeogenesis. The same reaction occurs in the chloroplasts of plants, D-Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate sodium salt hydrate as part of the reducing pentose phosphate cycle. Since cancer cells use glycolysis as a primary source of metabolic energy production, this pathway has become a major target for cancer chemotherapy.

3-hydroxybutyric acid is involved in the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies. Like the other ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone), levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate are raised in the blood and urine in ketosis. Beta-hydroxybutyrate is a typical pa

4-(Dimethylamino)phenol enhances extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels without significant effects on gluconeogenesis. Only when the membrane becomes permeable to LDH does 4-(Dimethylamino)phenol reduce ATP content.

Heptanoic acid sodium is the sodium salt of Heptanoate.The C(5) ketogenicity of Heptanoate is much lower than the C(4) ketogenicity of octanoate, and it can inhibit the osteoporosis and gluconeogenesis of Heptanoate.

Charantin is a steroidal saponin isolated from Momordica charantia. It increases the release of insulin and slowing down gluconeogenesis. Charantin can inhibit GSK-3.

Glucagon (1-29), bovine, human, porcine is a hormone produced by pancreatic α-cells with glucagon activity, which promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, and is used in the study of obesity and diabetes.

MB05032 is a potent fructose-,-bisphosphatase inhibitor that inhibits gluconeogenesis and reduces d-lactate-triggered ETosis.

D-Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) is glucose that hydroxyl group on carbon 6 is phosphorylated by hexose kinase and is involved in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway, as well as being converted to glycogen or starch storage. G6P serves as a substrate for glucose 6-phosphatase in the liver and hexose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Metformin hydrochloride mixture with sitagliptin phosphate is an AMP-activated protein kinase stimulant. It is also a CD26 antigen inhibitor, Gluconeogenesis inhibitor, and Glucose modulator.

Ingenol 3-monobenzoate (Ingenol 3-benzoate) acts as an aversive inducing agent. It binds to and activates protein kinase C (PKC) with a Ki of 0.14 nM. This activation inhibits the gene expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, thereby suppressing gluconeogenesis and increasing blood cortisol levels, which results in food aversion.

FBPase-IN-3 (compound 45) is an inhibitor of FBPase (fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase), exhibiting a potent inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 2.08 μM. This compound demonstrates strong antihyperglycemic activity by inhibiting gluconeogenesis.

Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist. This compound mimics GLP-1 to lower blood glucose levels and stimulates the growth of pancreatic β-cells responsible for insulin production and release. Additionally, Semaglutide inhibits the production of glucagon, a hormone that enhances glycogenolysis [the release of liver-stored carbohydrates] and gluconeogenesis [the synthesis of new glucose]. By reducing appetite and slowing gastric emptying, it also helps decrease food intake and aids in reducing body fat.

Teglicar (also known as ST1326) is a selective reversible inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (L-CPT1), the liver isoform. It reduces ketogenesis and glucose production, decreases gluconeogenesis, and enhances glucose homeostasis.

MI1013 is a PROTAC PXR degrader with a DC50 of 89 nM and a Dmax of 82%. It degrades PXR in human liver cancer RG cells (HepaRG) and modulates CYP3A4 promoter activity with specificity and safety through PXR degradation. MI1013 influences key genes involved in sulfate conjugation (e.g., SULT1E1), bile acid synthesis (CYP7A1), gluconeogenesis (PCK1), ketogenesis (HMGCS20), and hepatocyte proliferation (MKI67).

8-Br-GTP (tetrasodium) [8-Bromoguanosine-5'-triphosphate (tetrasodium)] is a derivative of the energy substrate GTP, utilized in protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis. It inhibits the E. coli GTPase FtsZ with a Ki value of 31.8 μM and promotes the assembly of microtubules in pig brains.

Ketohypoglycin has been utilized to study the inhibition of gluconeogenesis in isolated rat liver cells.