gluconeogenesis

D-(-)-3-Phosphoglyceric acid disodium (3-Phospho-D-glyceric acid disodium) is an intermediate in glycolysis gluconeogenesis and the biosynthesis of serine, glycine, and threonine, competitively inhibiting yeast enolase. It also functions as an intermediate in biosynthetic pathways in plants, eukaryotes, and prokaryotes.

Phanginin A, a potent and orally active activator of salt-induced kinase 1 (SIK1), effectively inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases the expression of p-SIK1, and decreases the expression of p-CREB. By reducing blood glucose levels and enhancing glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia, Phanginin A holds potential for type 2 diabetes research.

4-(Dimethylamino)phenol enhances extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels without significant effects on gluconeogenesis. Only when the membrane becomes permeable to LDH does 4-(Dimethylamino)phenol reduce ATP content.

Biotin (Vitamin H) is a water-soluble B-vitamin and is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids.

3-hydroxybutyric acid is involved in the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies. Like the other ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone), levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate are raised in the blood and urine in ketosis. Beta-hydroxybutyrate is a typical pa

D-Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate sodium salt hydrate is the intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. During glycolysis, it is produced by phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate by phosphofructokinase. The reverse reaction mediated by fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase-1 is one of the rate-limiting steps of gluconeogenesis. The same reaction occurs in the chloroplasts of plants, D-Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate sodium salt hydrate as part of the reducing pentose phosphate cycle. Since cancer cells use glycolysis as a primary source of metabolic energy production, this pathway has become a major target for cancer chemotherapy.

Hydrocortisone (Cortisol) is a glucocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenocortex. Hydrocortisone agonizes the glucocorticoid receptor, which promotes proteolytic metabolism, gluconeogenesis, capillary wall stabilization, and renal calcium excretion, as well as suppressing immune and inflammatory responses.

GSK4112 (SR6452) is a Rev-erbα agonist with an EC50 of 0.4 μM and serves as a small molecule chemical probe for studying the cell biology of the nuclear heme receptor Rev-erbα.

Serpentine is an alkaloid found in the roots of Rosa Centifolia that acts as an insulin sensitizer to assist insulin in lowering blood glucose.Serpentine activates the phosphorylation of AMPK, which stimulates glucose uptake by C2C12 cells.Serpentine increases the expression of GSK-3β mRNA in muscle tissues, which enhances glucose uptake.Serpentine also increases glucose production and hepatic gluconeogenesis.Serpentine has a significant effect on glucagon secretion and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Serpentine significantly increased glucagon secretion and hepatic gluconeogenesis. In high-fat diet streptozotocin (HFD STZ)-induced diabetic mice, Serpentine significantly prolonged insulin hypoglycemia, significantly decreased exogenous insulin use, and inhibited endogenous insulin secretion.

Hydrocortisone-d4 is a deuterated compound of Hydrocortisone. Hydrocortisone has a CAS number of 50-23-7. Hydrocortisone, a glucocorticoid receptor agonist, promotes protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, capillary wall stability, renal excretion of calcium, and suppresses immune and inflammatory responses. Therapeutic Hydrocortisone is a synthetic or semisynthetic analog of natural hydrocortisone hormone produced by the adrenal glands with primary glucocorticoid and minor mineralocorticoid effects.

YM-440 is a novel hypoglycemic agent, an insulin sensitizer, that may be used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus by reducing glucose 6-phosphatase activity in obese Zucker rats and inhibiting liver glucose output through gluconeogenesis.

KL 001 is a Cryptochrome protein (CRY) stabilizer. KL001 prevented ubiquitin-dependent degradation of CRY, resulting in lengthening of the circadian period. KL001-mediated CRY stabilization inhibited glucagon-induced gluconeogenesis in primary hepatocytes. KL001 thus provides a tool to study the regulation of CRY-dependent physiology and aid development of clock-based therapeutics of diabetes.

D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (Triose phosphate), a pivotal molecule in cellular metabolism, serves as a crucial intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the Calvin cycle, and plays a significant role in the biosynthesis of tryptophan and thiamin [1].

Pyruvate carboxylase, a biotin-containing enzyme, catalyzes the carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, a reaction dependent on HCO3− and MgATP. This enzyme is crucial for regulating whole-body energetics, influencing gluconeogenesis in the liver, fatty acid synthesis in adipocytes, and insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells [1] [2].

Biotin Sodium (Vitamin B7) is a water-soluble B vitamin acting as a coenzyme for five carboxylases critical in human metabolism, including the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, as well as gluconeogenesis. It is essential for cell growth, fatty acid production, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids [1] [2] [3].

Hydrocortisone phosphate is the pharmaceutical term for cortisol, which is a steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones, increases blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, to suppress the immune system, and to aid in the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrate.

Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist. This compound mimics GLP-1 to lower blood glucose levels and stimulates the growth of pancreatic β-cells responsible for insulin production and release. Additionally, Semaglutide inhibits the production of glucagon, a hormone that enhances glycogenolysis [the release of liver-stored carbohydrates] and gluconeogenesis [the synthesis of new glucose]. By reducing appetite and slowing gastric emptying, it also helps decrease food intake and aids in reducing body fat.

FBPase-IN-3 (compound 45) is an inhibitor of FBPase (fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase), exhibiting a potent inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 2.08 μM. This compound demonstrates strong antihyperglycemic activity by inhibiting gluconeogenesis.

MB05032 is a potent fructose-,-bisphosphatase inhibitor that inhibits gluconeogenesis and reduces d-lactate-triggered ETosis.

Clanobutin inhibits gluconeogenesis and acts as a choleretic and digestion-stimulating agent.

Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of phosphate groups from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) to ADP, resulting in the production of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG) and ATP. This enzyme not only plays a crucial role in the glycolysis pathway but also participates in gluconeogenesis by catalyzing the reverse reaction to produce 1,3-BPGA and ADP. Phosphoglycerate kinase is essential for energy metabolism, nucleic acid interactions, tumor progression, cell death, and virus replication, among other processes [1].

L-(+)-Fructose, also known as L-arabino-2-Hexulose, is an L-isomer of D-Fructose. This compound plays a role in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, making it useful for researching photosynthesis and carbohydrate storage in plant biology. Additionally, L-(+)-Fructose is utilized in studies of fructokinase and other enzymes involved in fructose metabolism.

L-Alanine (Standard) is a non-essential amino acid involved in protein synthesis and a variety of metabolic processes. L-Alanine (Standard) supports energy metabolism through the alanine-glucose cycle and plays a role in muscle repair and growth. As a standard, Alanine can be used in quantitative assays to study metabolic pathways, gluconeogenesis, and disease mechanisms.

KHK-IN-3 (Example 1), a ketohexokinase (KHK) inhibitor, plays a crucial role in the study of various diseases including kidney disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), diabetes, and heart failure. KHK, a pivotal rate-limiting enzyme and fructokinase, facilitates the metabolism of fructose by catalyzing the transformation of fructose into fructose-1-phosphate (FIP) utilizing ATP. This process lacks feedback inhibition, leading to the buildup of metabolites involved in lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and oxidative phosphorylation [1].