glands

Tolterodine tartrate (PNU-200583E) is a potent antagonist for muscarinic receptor. It show selectivity for the urinary bladder and salivary glands in vivo.

Cortisone Acetate is a synthetic or semisynthetic analog of the naturally occurring cortisone hormone produced by the adrenal glands with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Cortisone acetate (NSC-49420) diffuses through the cell membrane and binds to nuclear glucocorticoid receptors. The receptor-ligand complex binds to promotor regions of certain genes and initiates RNA transcription. This results in an induction of synthesis of certain anti-inflammatory proteins while inhibiting the synthesis of certain inflammatory mediators.

Progesterone is a steroid hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle and is essential for pregnancy. It is also commonly used to induce melasma models.

Propantheline bromide (Pro-Banthine) competitively antagonizes acetylcholine activity mediated by muscarinic receptors at neuroeffector sites on smooth muscle and exocrine gland cells. Propantheline Bromide is the bromide salt form of propantheline, a quaternary ammonium compound structurally related to belladonna alkaloids. An aspartic acid residue present in the N-terminal portion of the third transmembrane helix of the muscarinic receptor is believed to form an ionic bond with the tertiary or quaternary nitrogen of the antagonist. Antagonism leads to a reduction of exocrine glands secretions and to relax the bronchial muscle and reduce tone and motility of intestinal smooth muscle.

Capryl caprate (Decanoic acid decyl ester) is a compound obtained from extracts of Tergite glands from the abdomen of virgin queen bees.

Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, possessing mineralocorticoid activity and serving as a precursor to aldosterone. As an agonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor, DOCA can induce severe kidney damage, including inflammation, fibrosis, glomerular injury, and proteinuria. It is commonly used to establish animal models of chronic kidney injury and hypertension.

Ethyl icosanoate (Ethyl arachidate) is a compound extracted from the rectal glands of the female B. correcta.

Epinephrine HCl is a hormone and neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla. It acts as a dose-dependent agonist of α-adrenergic and β-adrenergic receptors, regulating the sympathetic nervous system to enhance vasoconstriction, bronchial dilation, and cardiac activity.

L-Hyoscyamine (Daturine) functions as a non-selective, competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors, thereby inhibiting the parasympathetic activities of acetylcholine on the salivary, bronchial, and sweat glands, as well as the eye, heart, bladder, and gastrointestinal tract. Hyoscyamine is a belladonna alkaloid derivative and the levorotatory form of racemic atropine isolated from the plants Hyoscyamus niger or Atropa belladonna, which exhibits anticholinergic activity. These inhibitory effects cause a decrease in saliva, bronchial mucus, gastric juices, and sweat. Furthermore, its inhibitory action on smooth muscle prevents bladder contraction and decreases gastrointestinal motility.

Okadaic acid is a potent polyether marine toxin that primarily accumulates in the digestive glands of marine mollusks. It is a highly effective and selective inhibitor of protein phosphatases (PPs). By inhibiting these phosphatases, okadaic acid increases the phosphorylation levels of various proteins, acts as a tumor promoter, and induces tau protein phosphorylation. It can be used to establish models of Alzheimer’s disease and skin cancer.

PK14105 has been evaluated biologically as a potential radioligand for positron emission tomography (PET) studies targeting peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites (PBBS) receptors. When administered to rats with unilaterally lesioned striata, PK14105 was observed to quickly cross the blood-brain barrier, displaying significant radioactivity retention in the lesioned striatum, in contrast to the unlesioned striatum or cerebellar vermis. Additionally, PK14105 has the capability to inhibit receptor ligands, calcium channel ligands, and co-transporters in all salivary glands.

Cevimeline hydrochloride (AF102B hydrochloride) is a quinuclidine derivative of acetylcholine that functions as a selective, orally active muscarinic M1 and M3 receptor agonist. Cevimeline hydrochloride effectively stimulating exocrine secretion from salivary glands and thereby serving as a clinically relevant sialogogue for the treatment of xerostomia, while its demonstrated ability to cross the blood–brain barrier supports its utility in central and peripheral cholinergic signaling studies and translational neuropharmacological investigations.

KY-455 is a novel acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor. It demonstrates inhibition of ACAT in rabbit intestines, liver, macrophages, and adrenal glands with IC50 values of 0.4, 0.9, 2.9, and 4.1 μmol/L, respectively.

Sofpironium (BBI 4000) tosylate is an anticholinergic agent used in the study of primary axillary hyperhidrosis (PAH). It functions by inhibiting the M3 muscarinic receptors in the exocrine glands of the application site, thereby reducing sweat production. Additionally, Sofpironium tosylate exhibits high affinity for other muscarinic subtypes M1, M2, M4, and M5.

Dihydrotachysterol (HSDB 3314) is a vitamin D analog.Dihydrotachysterol has been used to study hypocalcemic hypoparathyroidism after surgical removal of the parathyroid glands and growth impairment in children with chronic renal insufficiency.

Bufotoxin, a toxic steroid lactone, exists in the parotoid glands, skin, and poison of many toads and other amphibians, and in some plants and mushrooms.

D-Epinephrine can be used as a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication. Epinephrine can be normally obtained from the adrenal glands and certain neurons. It involves in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, output of the hear

Urotensin II-related peptide acetate are endogenous ligands of the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR14, now known as UT. Urotensin II and URP exert a wide spectrum of biological effects on peripheral tissues including the cardiovascular system, airway smooth muscle, kidneys, and endocrine glands, while central administration elicits complex behavioral and cardiovascular responses, highlighting their physiological and pharmacological significance.

Cholesteryl heptadecanoate is a cholesterol ester (CE) formed by the condensation of cholesterol with heptadecanoic acid, a C-17 saturated fatty acid that does not occur in any natural animal or vegetable fat at high concentrations. As such, it is commonly used as an internal standard for the quantification of cholesterol esters by GC- or LC-mass spectrometry. CEs are major constituents of lipoprotein particles carried in blood and accumulate in the fatty acid lesions of atherosclerotic plaques. CEs of various fatty acids are major constituents of murine and human adrenal glands.

21-Deoxycortisol is a corticosteroid metabolite derived from the adrenal glands, produced by the 11β-hydroxylation of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. Because it lacks a hydroxyl group at the 21st position, it cannot be further converted into cortisol through normal metabolic pathways. 21-Deoxycortisol is a key biomarker and clinical diagnostic marker for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH); measuring its levels aids in disease screening, diagnosis, and treatment monitoring. As a C11-oxo C21 steroid, 21-deoxycortisol may participate in the “backdoor” pathway of steroid metabolism and is associated with the formation of 11-oxoandrogens and the hyperandrogenic state seen in CAH; therefore, it is also frequently used in research on steroid metabolism and endocrine regulation.

L-Hyoscyamine sulfate (Levsin Sulfate) is the sulfate salt of a belladonna alkaloid derivative and the levorotatory form of racemic atropine isolated from the plants Hyoscyamus niger or Atropa belladonna, which exhibits anticholinergic activity. Hyoscyamine functions as a non-selective, competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors, thereby inhibiting the parasympathetic activities of acetylcholine on the salivary, bronchial, and sweat glands, as well as the eye, heart, bladder, and gastrointestinal tract. These inhibitory effects cause a decrease in saliva, bronchial mucus, gastric juices, and sweat. Furthermore, its inhibitory action on smooth muscle prevents bladder contraction and decreases gastrointestinal motility.

Adrenaline sulfate, an orally active hormone secreted by the adrenal glands' medulla, acts as an α-adrenergic and β-adrenergic receptor agonist. It is utilized in treating anaphylaxis and holds potential for cardiac arrest research.

CFG920 is a CYP17 inhibitor, is also an orally available inhibitor of the steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20 lyase (CYP17A1 or CYP17), with potential antiandrogen and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, CYP17 inhibitor CFG920 inhibits the enzymatic activity of CYP17A1 in both the testes and adrenal glands, thereby inhibiting androgen production. This may decrease androgen-dependent growth signaling and may inhibit cell proliferation of androgen-dependent tumor cells.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), an 84-amino acid circulating hormone synthesized in the parathyroid glands, primarily regulates bone and kidney functions to maintain extracellular calcium levels within normal ranges. It is also utilized in osteoporosis research [1].