dpph

DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) is a cell-permeable, stable free radical commonly used to evaluate the free radical scavenging ability, hydrogen donation capacity of compounds, and to measure the antioxidant activity of tissue extracts.

1. Oxyresveratro can inhibit tyrosinase activity. 2. Oxyresveratro is useful to trauma models, as toxicity to glia could be beneficial by inhibiting reactive gliosis. 3. Oxyresveratrol (trans-Oxyresveratrol) has antioxidant activity, can reduce neuronal oxidative damage and protect hepatocytes against oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which may be associated with activation of Nrf2.

Maclurin (NSC-83240) is a phenolic component of mulberry twigs, exerts anti-metastatic effects. Maclurin effectively protects against OH-induced damages to DNA and MSCs and can be used in studies about the prevention of many diseases or MSCs transplantation.

5-Hydroxyoxindole has been identified as a urinary metabolite of indole, which is produced from tryptophane via the tryptophanase activity of gut bacteria [1]. 5-Hydroxyoxindole has lipid peroxidation inhibition activity and free radical DPPH scavenging

Altenusin is a natural nonsteroidal fungal metabolite, as a novel selective agonist of FXR with an EC50 value of 3.2 ± 0.2 μM.

Glucosamine (Chitosamine) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Supplemental glucosamine may help to rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis.

(E)-Ferulic acid methyl ester (Methyl (E)-ferulate) is a potential inhibitor of the mitogen-activated phosphor kinase pathway and an anti-inflammatory agent first isolated from the medicinal plant S. tuberosa. Additionally, it shows promising anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus.

Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside) exhibits a protective effect on rat hepatocytes, inhibits COX-2 activity, has antimicrobial properties, and is a promising anti-HIV agent. Additionally, it demonstrates scavenging activity against DPPH radicals and superoxide anions, alleviates osteoarthritis, and increases brain cell membrane fluidity in ischemia-reperfusion rats.

Calceolarioside B (Desrhamnosyl isoacteoside) displays inhibition of aromatase. Calceolarioside B displays inhibition of human recombinant PKCalpha.

Hydroxytyrosol Acetate (HTy-Ac) is found in the olive oil with antioxidant activity.

Okanin shows significant activities on both linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition and DPPH radical scavenging effect.

α-Amylase-IN-1 is an α-Amylase inhibitor (IC50: 0.5509 μM). α-Amylase-IN-1 has antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 53.49 μM for scavenging of DPPH free radicals, and can be used in the study of diabetes and oxidative stress-related diseases.

Vanillylmandelic acid, the end product of the metabolism of catecholamines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, has antioxidant activity and is commonly used to help diagnose pheochromocytoma, as well as its elevation in association with depressive symptoms.

Wushanicaritin is a natural product isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Epimedium plants, with antitumor effects and anti-inflammatory property.

Caulophylline B, an alkaloid extracted from the roots of Caulophyllum robustum Maxim, affords a low scavenging effect against DPPH radical.

4'-Methoxyflavonol is a synthetic flavonol with an additional 3-hydroxyl group and higher antioxidant capacity than 4'-Methoxyflavone.4'-Methoxyflavonol interacts with the lipid bilayer of DPPC model membranes, and is capable of scavenging free radicals and antioxidant activity in DPPH assays, and exhibits some antiproliferative activity against K562 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines.

4-Methoxyphenyl isothiocyanate (4-Methylphenyl ITC) is recognized as an antioxidant demonstrating an IC50 of 1.25 mM for scavenging DPPH free radicals. Its antioxidant capacity, as shown by the ORAC test, is 11.7 mM TE, equivalent to the efficacy of 11.7 mmol Trolox under similar conditions. Additionally, it extends the oxidation process in the Briggs–Rauscher reaction by approximately 9180 seconds. The compound also exhibits moderate cholinesterase inhibitory activity, with an inhibition rate of 30.4% for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and 17.9% for butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Research suggests 4-Methoxyphenyl isothiocyanate holds promise for applications in antioxidant and neurological disorder studies.

AChE BuChE-IN-6 (Compound 11f) is an inhibitor of AChE and BuChE, with IC50 values of 1.24 and 1.85 μg mL, respectively. It exhibits strong DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 3.15 μg mL). In vivo toxicity studies demonstrate that AChE BuChE-IN-6 is safe, showing no significant differences in blood and biochemical parameters compared to controls, and no abnormalities in liver and kidney tissues. This compound shows potential for Alzheimer's disease research.

Ferroleuton is a selective competitive inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase with an IC50 of 0.21 μM. It demonstrates antioxidant properties, clearing 86% of DPPH at 50 μM and exhibiting activities in ABTS (EC50 = 19.42 μM) and FRAP (EC50 = 3.32 μM) assays.

Antiarol (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol) is a member of aromatic phenols and exhibits moderate DPPH free radical scavenging activity.

1. Nepitrin (Nepetin-7-glucoside) has antioxidant activity in human HL6 cells assessed as reduction of cytochrome-c release, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and inhibition of TPA-induced free radical formation.

Graphislactone A is an antioxidant produced by Cephalosporium IFB-E001 and M. olivacea. It exhibits dose-dependent scavenging activity against DPPH radicals and metal ion-dependent hydroxyl radicals in vitro. Graphislactone A reduces peroxidation of human LDL and slows peroxidation of linoleic acid by 4.4-fold. It also inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 value of 27 μM.

Aspulvinone O is a fungal metabolite that has been found in P. variotti and has antioxidant and anticancer activities.1,2 It scavenges 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals in a cell-free assay (IC50 = 11.6 μM).1 Aspulvinone O inhibits aspartate transaminase 1 (GOT1; Kd = 3.32 μM) and is cytotoxic to PANC-1, AsPC-1, and SW1990 pancreatic cancer cells (IC50s = 20.54-26.8 μM).2 It reduces the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and induces apoptosis in SW1990 cells. Aspulvinone O (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) reduces tumor growth in an SW1990 mouse xenograft model. |1. Zhang, P., Li, X.-M., Wang, J.-N., et al. New butenolide derivatives from the marine-derived fungus Paecilomyces variotii with DPPH radical scavenging activity. Phytochem. Lett. 11, 85-88 (2015).|2. Sun, W., Luan, S., Qi, C., et al. Aspulvinone O, a natural inhibitor of GOT1 suppresses pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells growth by interfering glutamine metabolism. Cell Commun. Signal. 17(1), 111 (2019).

Pyranonigrin A is a fungal metabolite originally isolated from Aspergillus that has antioxidant activity. It scavenges 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH;) free radicals in a cell-free assay (IC50 = 132.9 μM). Pyranonigrin A (10 μM) suppresses TNF-α-induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).