cerebral

Bumetanide (PF 1593) is a potent sulfamoylanthranilic acid derivative belonging to the class of loop diuretics. In the brain, bumetanide may prevent seizures in neonates by blocking the bumetanide-sensitive sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter (NKCC1), thereby inhibiting chloride uptake thus, decreasing the internal chloride concentration in neurons and may block the excitatory effect of GABA in neonates.

Ifenprodil is a selective NMDA receptor (glutamate) antagonist.

Pramipexole (SND 919) is a selective dopamine receptor agonist used in the therapy of Parkinson disease. Pramipexole therapy is associated with a low rate of transient serum enzyme elevations during treatment but has not been implicated in cases of clinically apparent acute liver injury.

Astramembrangenin (Cycloastragenol (Astramembrangenin)) is a triterpenoid saponin compound and a hydrolysis product of the main active ingredient in Astragalus membranaceus. Cycloastragenol (CAG) may have a novel therapeutic role in depression

Pramipexole dihydrochloride hydrate (Mirapex) is the hydrochloride salt of pramipexole, a benzothiazole derivative. As a nonergot dopamine agonist, pramipexole binds to D2 and D3 dopamine receptors in the striatum and substantia nigra of the brain.

1,3-Butanediol (BD) is a ketogenic substance. Ketone bodies are essential energy substrates in the absence of exogenous nutrients, and more recently, they have been suggested to prevent disease and improve longevity.

Viquidil hydrochloride (Quinotoxine hydrochloride) is an isomer of Quinidine. Viquidil hydrochloride is an agent of cerebral vasodilator with antithrombotic activity.

The quinuclidine PHA 568487 free base is an agonist of the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that was designed to mitigate the bioactivation associated with the core scaffold and subsequently remove associated liabilities with in vivo tolerability.

Dilazep dihydrochloride is an adenosine uptake inhibitor. It also inhibits ischemic damage, membrane transport of nucleosides, and platelet aggregation. It has cerebral and coronary vasodilating action through the enhancement of the effect of adenosine.

Verbenalin (Verbenaloside) induces angiogenesis via a programmed PI3K/Akt/eNOS/VEGF signaling axis.

Bevantolol hydrochloride (NC-1400 hydrochloride) is a β1-adrenoceptor antagonist that treatment angina pectoris and hypertension.

Aniracetam (Ro 13-5057)(Ro 13-5057), a nootropic and neuroprotective drug, selectively modulates the AMPA receptor and nAChR.

Minocycline hydrochloride (Minocycline HCl) is a tetracycline antibiotic with excellent absorption and tissue penetration that is used for several bacterial infections as well as treatment of acne. Minocycline hydrochloride can cause both an acute hepatitis-like syndrome occurring within 1 to 3 months of starting therapy or a more insidious chronic hepatitis with autoimmune features typically after long-term treatment.

Musk ketone can induce the growth repression and the apoptosis of cancer cells. Musk ketone increases activity of glutathione S-transferase and thus may prove to be useful cancer chemoprotectant.

Annaosanchun (YC-6) is potentially for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

Dihydrocapsaicin (CCRIS1589) is isolated from Capsicum fruit. Capsaicin is the primary active component of the heat and pain-eliciting lipid soluble fraction of the Capsicum pepper. Like capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin is an irritant. Capsaicin is found in natural hot pepper extracts along with a number of impurities, including dihydrocapsaicin and several lesser impurities. Separation by HPLC is required in order to obtain pure dihydrocapsaicin. Dihydrocapsaicin represents about 10% of the compound present in commercial preparations purporting to be pure capsaicin, but it has about the same pungency as capsaicin. VR1 (vanilloid receptor 1) is a heat activated calcium ion channel which functions as a part of the normal nociceptive pain pathway. Capsaicin elicits a sensation of burning pain by activation of VR1 on small, non-myelinated polymodal C-type nociceptive nerve fibers. The potency of dihydrocapsaicin at VR1 appears equivalent to capsaicin. Antioxidant. Reduces oxidation of serum lipids. Mutagenic. Dihydrocapsaicin is an activator of VR1.

CaCCinh-A01 is an inhibitor of the calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC, 10 μM) and TMEM16A (IC50: 2.1 μM).

RPR104632 is a novel and potent antagonist located at the NMDA glycine site with neuroprotective activity.

Fursultiamine (Alinamin F) is a disulfide derivative of thiamine, or an allithiamine. It has potential uses in the treatment of vitamin B1 deficiency.

ROS 234 dioxalate is a potent antagonist of H3 (pKB of 9.46 for Guinea-pig ileum H3-receptor).

Hypidone hydrochloride (YL0919) is a novel antidepressant candidate with dual activity as a 5-HT1A receptor agonist and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

Nelonemdaz (Neu2000) is an NMDA receptor antagonist with antioxidant activity and neuroprotective activity used in the study of cerebral infarction reperfusion injury and acute ischemic stroke.

Dixyrazine (UCB 3412)has a transient antihypertensive effect, prevents cerebral edema induced by injections of ichthyosperm sulfate, and may be used in the study of neurologically related disorders.

Piclozotan (anhydrous), a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, demonstrated significant neuroprotective activity in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (t-MCAO) model, ameliorating motor complications in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease.