cerebral

Viquidil hydrochloride (Quinotoxine hydrochloride) is an isomer of Quinidine. Viquidil hydrochloride is an agent of cerebral vasodilator with antithrombotic activity.

Ifenprodil is a selective NMDA receptor (glutamate) antagonist.

Citicoline sodium (CDP-choline) is an endogenous intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine. It also serves as a choline donor in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Citicoline sodium demonstrates protective effects in cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and memory disorders. Exogenous administration of citicoline to rodents (500 mg kg i.p. immediately after ischemia and at 3-h reperfusion) has been shown to stimulate the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and cardiolipin and to attenuate the release of arachidonic acid and the accumulation of ceramide.

Sesamin is a selective delta 5 desaturase inhibitor in the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids and is a lignan abundantly present in sesame oil. It has potent neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia.

4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (P-Methylolphenol) exhibits beneficial effects in cerebral ischemic injury, has neuroprotective effect through upregulation of Nrf2, Prdx6, and PDI expression via the PI3K Akt pathway. 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol inhibit the development of new blood vessels by targeting multiple mechanisms of the angiogenic process, may as a promising candidate for the establishment of anti-angiogenic treatment strategies in cancer therapy.

2,2,2-Trichloroethanol, the active form of the sedative hypnotic drug chloral hydrate, is an agonist for the nonclassical K2P channels TREK-1 (KCNK2) and TRAAK (KCNK4). It activates a nonclassical potassium channel in cerebrovascular smooth muscle and dilates the middle cerebral artery [1]. [1]. Nikhil K Parelkar, et al. 2,2,2-trichloroethanol Activates a Nonclassical Potassium Channel in Cerebrovascular Smooth Muscle and Dilates the Middle Cerebral Artery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Mar;332(3):803-10.

(R)-5-Oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (D-Pyroglutamic acid) is a cyclic derivative of glutamic acid, physiologically present in mammalian tissues. It releases GABA from the cerebral cortex and exhibits anti-anxiety effects in a simple approach-avoidance conflict situation in rats. In clinical pharmacology experiments, it significantly shortens the plasma half-life of ethanol during acute intoxication.

Butylphthalide (3-Butylphthalide) is an anti-cerebral-ischemia drug; first isolated from the seeds of Apium graveolens Linn.

Astramembrangenin (Cycloastragenol (Astramembrangenin)) is a triterpenoid saponin compound and a hydrolysis product of the main active ingredient in Astragalus membranaceus. Cycloastragenol (CAG) may have a novel therapeutic role in depression

Musk ketone can induce the growth repression and the apoptosis of cancer cells. Musk ketone increases activity of glutathione S-transferase and thus may prove to be useful cancer chemoprotectant.

6-Methylnicotinamide is a derivative of nicotinamide, an endogenous metabolite. 6-Methylnicotinamide is used to make co-crystals salts. In the acute phase of cerebral hemorrhage (ICH), a sudden increase in 6-Methylnicotinamide exacerbates neurological damage.6-Methylnicotinamide can be used to make co-crystals salts.6-Methylnicotinamide can be used to make co-crystals salts.

DL-Borneol ((endo)-Borneol) is a small molecule extracted from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It is an orally bioadjuvant that improves drug delivery to the brain and is commonly used as an adjuvant ingredient in TCM for the treatment of cardio-cerebral vascular diseases.

1,3-Butanediol (BD) is a ketogenic substance. Ketone bodies are essential energy substrates in the absence of exogenous nutrients, and more recently, they have been suggested to prevent disease and improve longevity.

Dihydrocapsaicin (CCRIS1589) is isolated from Capsicum fruit. Capsaicin is the primary active component of the heat and pain-eliciting lipid soluble fraction of the Capsicum pepper. Like capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin is an irritant. Capsaicin is found in natural hot pepper extracts along with a number of impurities, including dihydrocapsaicin and several lesser impurities. Separation by HPLC is required in order to obtain pure dihydrocapsaicin. Dihydrocapsaicin represents about 10% of the compound present in commercial preparations purporting to be pure capsaicin, but it has about the same pungency as capsaicin. VR1 (vanilloid receptor 1) is a heat activated calcium ion channel which functions as a part of the normal nociceptive pain pathway. Capsaicin elicits a sensation of burning pain by activation of VR1 on small, non-myelinated polymodal C-type nociceptive nerve fibers. The potency of dihydrocapsaicin at VR1 appears equivalent to capsaicin. Antioxidant. Reduces oxidation of serum lipids. Mutagenic. Dihydrocapsaicin is an activator of VR1.

Morroniside would act as a regulator of hepatic inflammatory reactions and lipid metabolism in db db mice. It exhibits protective effects against diabetic renal damage and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, by inhibiting hyperglycemia and oxidative s

1. Cornuside (Comuside) has immunomodulatory activity . 2. Cornuside suppresses expression levels of cytokine-induced proinflammatory and adhesion molecules in the human endothelial cells. 3. Cornuside can treat myocardial I R and protect the liver from CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity, by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing inflammatory responses. 4. Cornuside has anti-inflammatory activity by downregulations of iNOS and COX-2 due to NF-κB inhibition as well as the negative regulation of ERK1 2, p38, and JNK1 2 phosphorylations in RAW 264.7 cells. 5. Cornuside has protective potential against cerebral ischemic injury, may be due to the suppression of intracellular Ca(2+) elevation and caspase-3 activity, and improvements in mitochondrial energy metabolism and antioxidant properties.

1. Vitexin has antinociceptive and antispasmodic activities. 2. Vitexin exhibits a prominent first-pass effect. 3. Vitexin has antioxidant, antimyeloperoxidase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. 4. Vitexin can either inhibit or induce activities of

Cimicifugoside H1 shows the protective function to cerebral neuron during cerebral ischemia.

Daurinoline is a non-competitive antagonist, it exerts marked relaxation effect on basilar artery of rabbits through non-competitive antagonism, it would have a protective function on microcirculation of cerebral pia mater, which may be beneficial to relieve cerebral ischemic injury. Daurinoline could significantly reverse noradrenaline induced constriction of pial arterioles and venules, and increase the number of blood vessels which were decreased by noradrenaline.

Oxysophoridine (Sophoridine N-oxide) has a protective effect on focal cerebral ischemic injury through antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms; it may be a potential neuroprotective agent for cerebral ischemia injury, that the effect may be due to its ability to inhibit oxidative stress and expression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1.Oxysophoridine ameliorates cardiac damage in a rat model of AMI and that this cardioprotection may be linked with its anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties.

Dehydroevodiamine (DHED), a constituent of Evodia rutaecarpa, has various biological effects such as hypotensive, negative chronotropic, ion channel depressant, inhibition of nitric oxide production and cerebral blood flow enhancing activities.

L-Palmitoylcarnitine chloride (Palmitoyl-L-carnitine chloride) is a fatty acid metabolite with antithrombotic properties that protects mice from ischemic stroke by counteracting intracerebral thrombosis in the tMCAO model.L-Palmitoylcarnitine chloride (Palmitoyl-L-carnitine chloride) is a fatty acid metabolite with antithrombotic properties. Palmitoylcarnitine chloride inhibits the Na K pump in the heart and inhibits FeCl 3-induced arterial thrombosis Attenuates intracerebral thrombosis and inflammation in a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO).

Verbenalin (Verbenaloside) induces angiogenesis via a programmed PI3K Akt eNOS VEGF signaling axis.

Forsythoside B binds to LPS and reduces the biological activity of serum LPS, and inhibits NF-κB activation. Forsythoside B inhibits the inflammatory response and has antioxidant properties. Potent neuroprotective effects with a favorable therapeutic time