cerebral

Bumetanide (PF 1593) is a potent sulfamoylanthranilic acid derivative belonging to the class of loop diuretics. In the brain, bumetanide may prevent seizures in neonates by blocking the bumetanide-sensitive sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter (NKCC1), thereby inhibiting chloride uptake thus, decreasing the internal chloride concentration in neurons and may block the excitatory effect of GABA in neonates.

Ifenprodil is a selective NMDA receptor (glutamate) antagonist.

Pramipexole (SND 919) is a selective dopamine receptor agonist used in the therapy of Parkinson disease. Pramipexole therapy is associated with a low rate of transient serum enzyme elevations during treatment but has not been implicated in cases of clinically apparent acute liver injury.

Astramembrangenin (Cycloastragenol (Astramembrangenin)) is a triterpenoid saponin compound and a hydrolysis product of the main active ingredient in Astragalus membranaceus. Cycloastragenol (CAG) may have a novel therapeutic role in depression

Pramipexole dihydrochloride hydrate (Mirapex) is the hydrochloride salt of pramipexole, a benzothiazole derivative. As a nonergot dopamine agonist, pramipexole binds to D2 and D3 dopamine receptors in the striatum and substantia nigra of the brain.

1,3-Butanediol (BD) is a ketogenic substance. Ketone bodies are essential energy substrates in the absence of exogenous nutrients, and more recently, they have been suggested to prevent disease and improve longevity.

Viquidil hydrochloride (Quinotoxine hydrochloride) is an isomer of Quinidine. Viquidil hydrochloride is an agent of cerebral vasodilator with antithrombotic activity.

The quinuclidine PHA 568487 free base is an agonist of the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that was designed to mitigate the bioactivation associated with the core scaffold and subsequently remove associated liabilities with in vivo tolerability.

Dilazep dihydrochloride is an adenosine uptake inhibitor. It also inhibits ischemic damage, membrane transport of nucleosides, and platelet aggregation. It has cerebral and coronary vasodilating action through the enhancement of the effect of adenosine.

Verbenalin (Verbenaloside) induces angiogenesis via a programmed PI3K/Akt/eNOS/VEGF signaling axis.

Bevantolol hydrochloride (NC-1400 hydrochloride) is a β1-adrenoceptor antagonist that treatment angina pectoris and hypertension.

Nelonemdaz (Neu2000) is an NMDA receptor antagonist with antioxidant activity and neuroprotective activity used in the study of cerebral infarction reperfusion injury and acute ischemic stroke.

RPR104632 is a novel and potent antagonist located at the NMDA glycine site with neuroprotective activity.

Dixyrazine (UCB 3412)has a transient antihypertensive effect, prevents cerebral edema induced by injections of ichthyosperm sulfate, and may be used in the study of neurologically related disorders.

Piclozotan (anhydrous), a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, demonstrated significant neuroprotective activity in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (t-MCAO) model, ameliorating motor complications in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease.

Dalcotidine (KU 1257) is a novel histamine H2 receptor antagonist with histamine H9 receptor antagonistic activity and antisecretory effects.The Ki value for binding to guinea pig cerebral cortex was 0.040 The KB value for antagonism of histamine-induced positive chronotropic responses in the right atrium of isolate guinea pigs was 0.041.Dalcotidine improves the quality of ulcer healing, and may contribute to a reduction in ulcer recurrence and relapse rates.

Mefenidil (McN-2378), a selective cerebral vasodilator, was shown to increase CBF in healthy brains without stimulating O2 uptake in a dog anesthesia model.

Orotirelin(CG 3509), a thyrotropin-releasing hormone analog, reversed pentobarbital-induced sleep time.Orotirelin may be beneficial in animals with focal cerebral ischemia.

Clazosentan (Ro 61-1790) is a selective antagonist of the endothelin A receptor (ETAreceptor) that inhibits ET-1-mediated vasoconstriction, preventing cerebral vasospasm and vasospasm-associated cerebral infarction.

CM-352 is a metalloproteinase inhibitor that reduces brain damage and improves functional recovery in rat models of cerebral hemorrhage.

Pinokalant (LOE-908) is a novel non-selective cation channel inhibitor.Pinokalant significantly reduces cortical infarct volume in in vivo experiments, improves the metabolic and electrophysiological status of the ischemic penumbra region, and reduces the size of the lesion on magnetic resonance images in the acute phase after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.Pinokalant is a potential SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitor for the study of stroke.

Aniracetam (Ro 13-5057)(Ro 13-5057), a nootropic and neuroprotective drug, selectively modulates the AMPA receptor and nAChR.

Pyrithioxin (Encefabol) is a neurodynamic compound, combined with a short period of hyperventilation (HV) was applied in cerebral infarct patients with Hemiplegia. Pyrithioxin is regarded as an encephalotropic or nootropic compound and is reported to act mainly by producing decisive improvements in cerebral metabolism.

Theophylline monohydrate (Quibron) appears to inhibit phosphodiesterase and prostaglandin production, regulate calcium flux and intracellular calcium distribution, and antagonize adenosine. Theophylline monohydrate is a natural alkaloid derivative of xanthine isolated from the plants Camellia sinensis and Coffea arabica. Physiologically, this agent relaxes the bronchial smooth muscle, produces vasodilation (except in cerebral vessels), stimulates the CNS, stimulates the cardiac muscle, induces diuresis, and increases gastric acid secretion; it may also suppress inflammation and improve contractility of the diaphragm.