calcium ions

Mavatrep (JNJ-39439335) is a selective antagonist of TRPV1 with Ki of 6.5 nM and can be used for studies about inflammatory pain.

Ionomycin is a calcium ion carrier and an antibiotic that binds to calcium ions (Ca2+). The main function of Ionomycin is to induce cellular responses by increasing the intracellular calcium ion concentration. In experiments, Ionomycin is typically used to activate calcium-dependent processes, such as apoptosis and enzyme activity.

Vesnarinone HCl (OPC-8212 HCl) is an orally active phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) inhibitor.Vesnarinone HCl modulates calcium and potassium ions, increasing calcium flux and decreasing potassium flux.Vesnarinone HCl is a new positive inotropic compound that enhances myocardial contractility and can be be used in heart failure studies.

Propafenone (Propafenonum) is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity. The drug is generally well tolerated. The electrophysiological effect of propafenone manifests itself in a reduction of upstroke velocity (Phase 0) of the monophasic action potential. In Purkinje fibers, and to a lesser extent myocardial fibers, propafenone reduces the fast inward current carried by sodium ions, which is responsible for the drugs antiarrhythmic actions. Diastolic excitability threshold is increased and effective refractory period prolonged. Propafenone reduces spontaneous automaticity and depresses triggered activity. At very high concentrations in vitro, propafenone can inhibit the slow inward current carried by calcium but this calcium antagonist effect probably does not contribute to antiarrhythmic efficacy.

Nifedipine (Procardia) is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocking agent. Nifedipine inhibits the transmembrane influx of extracellular calcium ions into myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells, causing dilatation of the main coronary and systemic arteries and decreasing myocardial contractility. This agent also inhibits the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein which is overexpressed in some multi-drug resistant tumors and may improve the efficacy of some antineoplastic agents.

Nicardipine hydrochloride (YC-93 Hydrochloride) is the hydrochloride salt form of nicardipine, a synthetic derivative of nitrophenyl-pyridine and potent calcium channel blocker, Nicardipine (Nifedipine Family) blocks calcium ions from certain cell walls and inhibits contraction of coronary and peripheral arteries, resulting in lowered oxygen requirements for heart muscle and decreased arterial contraction and spasm. It is used clinically as a cerebral and coronary vasodilator.

2,4-Dihydroxypyridine is a pyridine derivative that acts as a chelating agent binding to metal ions and forming complexes. It is used as a reagent for determining the concentration of various ions, such as calcium, magnesium and phosphate. It is also used to measure the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. It is also used for the detection and quantification of proteins, carbohydrates and other biomolecules.

TTA-Q6, a selective T-type Ca2+ channel antagonist, exhibits potential antitumor and immunomodulatory activities for treating neurological disorders by inhibiting the uptake of extracellular calcium ions by tumor cells, thereby inducing intracellular calcium deficiency and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.

Tacalcitol monohydrate(Curatoderm monohydrate), a vitamin D3 analog that promotes bone development by regulating calcium ions, can be used to study psoriasis.

D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate hexapotassium salt is a second messenger that promotes the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum.

7-acetyl Paclitaxel, serving as a microtubule depolymerization inhibitor, can prevent microtubule depolymerization caused by calcium ions at a concentration of 10 µM. Additionally, this compound significantly inhibits the growth of J774.2 macrophages (IC50 = ~60 nM) and elevates levels of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages.

N-Formyl-MMYALF is an effective mitochondrial N-formyl peptide (mtFP) that possesses activity in depleting calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum. Additionally, it inhibits the PMN chemotactic response to bacterial peptides mediated by FPR-1.

1,4-Dihydropyridine acts as an antagonist for calcium channels (calcium channel), specifically blocking the L-type calcium channels. This action reduces the influx of calcium ions into cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells, consequently decreasing cardiac contractility and heart rate, dilating blood vessels, and lowering blood pressure.

N-Formyl-MMYALF TFA is a mitochondrial N-formyl peptide known for its ability to deplete calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum. Additionally, it inhibits the FPR-1-mediated chemotactic response of PMNs to bacterial peptides.

Adenophostin A is a potent agonist of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptors, binding with high affinity to these receptors and effectively stimulating the release of calcium ions (Ca2+).

ErSO-TFPy activates the sodium ion channel TRPM4, resulting in an imbalance of intracellular calcium and sodium ions. It exhibits low nanomolar-level cytotoxicity (IC50 = 5-25 nM) by inducing necrosis in ERα+ breast cancer cell lines. Additionally, ErSO-TFPy shows antitumor activity in mouse models.

Pirenoxine is an agent with anti-cataractogenesis activity by interacting with calcium ions or selenite which could lead to the formation of lens cataract.

Cyclopenthiazide (Cyclomethiazide) is a thiazide diuretic used to treat hypertension and heart failure. It decreases the excretion of calcium ions and uric acid and increases the excretion of sodium and potassium ions.

8-CPT-2Me-cAMP sodium is a sodium salt compound that selectively activates exchange proteins activated by cAMP (Epac), which are cAMP-sensitive guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) responsible for activating small GTPases Rap1 and Rap2. It specifically activates Epac1 with an EC50 value of 2.2 μM, while showing no activation of PKA with an EC50 value greater than 10 μM [1]. Additionally, 8-CPT-2Me-cAMP sodium stimulates the Epac-mediated release of calcium ions (Ca2+) in vitro in pancreatic β-cells [2].

Calcium diglutamate(CDG), calcium acid salt of glutamic acid. As a soluble source of calcium ions, this chemical is used as a first-aid treatment for exposure to hydrofluoric acid.

Deethylindanomycin is a polyether antibiotic that has been found in S. setonii. It is active against a variety of Gram-positive bacteria, including various strains of S. aureus and Streptococcus, as well as one strain of S. pneumoniae (MICs = 4, 4, and 2 μg ml, respectively). It is also active against coccidia in vitro, inhibiting E. tenella development, but is inactive against E. tenella infection in chicks when administered at a dose of 200 μg g in the diet. Deethylindanomycin acts as an ionophore in lipid bilayer membranes and is more selective for potassium ions than calcium, magnesium, and sodium ions. It induces histamine release from rodent mast cells and human basophils in vitro in a calcium-dependent manner.

TRPC6-IN-3 (compound 17) is an orally active inhibitor of the transient receptor potential C6 ion channel (TRPC6), which regulates intracellular calcium concentration and modulates the flux of cations, including calcium and sodium ions, thereby affecting membrane potential.

SOR-C13 is an inhibitor of transient receptor potential cation channel vanilloid family member 6 (TRPV6, CaT1 or CATL) with potential antineoplastic activity. TRPV6 calcium channel inhibitor SOR-C13 binds to TRPV6 and prevents the influx of calcium ions into TRPV6-expressing tumor cells. This inhibits the activation of nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT) transcription complex which may result in an inhibition of calcium-dependent cancer cell proliferation and an induction of apoptosis in tumor cells overexpressing TRPV6.

Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase Substrate is a synthetic peptide that interacts specifically with calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMK) and requires calcium ions (Ca 2+) and calmodulin (CaM) for activation. It is utilized in studies involving protein kinase activity [1].