b-toxin

Botulinum toxin type B, an antigen-specific exotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum, is utilized in the study of neck dystonia. It inhibits the release of Acetylcholine from the neuromuscular junction, causing relaxation paralysis or muscle weakening in the targeted muscle [1].

Sarafotoxin S6d (STX-b) is a peptide toxin isolated from the venom of the Israeli burrowing asp. It induces various Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes such as myocardial ischemia and hyperkalemia. In rat aortas, Sarafotoxin S6d causes intense vasoconstriction dependent on extracellular calcium ions and exhibits positive inotropic effects in rat atria. This compound is useful for research into cardiovascular diseases.

CTB (Cholera Toxin B subunit) is an activator of p300 histone acetyltransferase and induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells.

C18 globotriaosylceramide is an endogenous sphingolipid found in mammalian cell membranes that is synthesized from lactosylceramide . It inhibits aggregation of human neutrophils induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 10008014) when used at a concentration of 1 μM. C18 globotriaosylceramide acts as a receptor for Shiga toxin in B cell-derived Raji cells and THP-1 monocytes. It accumulates in the brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen in a mouse model of Fabry disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme α-galactosidase A. C18 globotriaosylceramide also accumulates in endothelial cells, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, renal epithelial cells, dorsal ganglia neuronal cells, and myocardial cells in patients with Fabry disease.

C16 globotriaosylceramide is an endogenous sphingolipid found in mammalian cell membranes that is synthesized from C16 lactosylceramide . C16 globotriaosylceramide acts as a receptor for Shiga toxin in B cell-derived Raji cells and THP-1 monocytes. It accumulates in endothelial cells, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, renal epithelial cells, dorsal ganglia neuronal cells, and myocardial cells in patients with Fabry disease. C16 globotriaosylceramide is also upregulated in plasma of patients with ovarian carcinoma compared to those with benign ovarian tumors or uterine fibroids.

CD31, also known as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), is a receptor on endothelial cells for clostridium perfringens beta-Toxin (CPB). It also functions as an ER-MP12 antigen and connects mechanical stress, metabolism, and inflammation. The CD31 peptide promotes phosphorylation of CD31 ITIM 686 and SHP2, thereby inhibiting TCR-induced T-cell activation [1]-[5].

ATPase-IN-2 is a compound that acts as an inhibitor of ATPase, with an IC50 value of 0.9 μM. It also inhibits the glycohydrolase activity of C. difficile toxin B (TcdB) with an AC50 value of 30.91 μM. ATPase-IN-2 is commonly utilized in ATP-related research [1].

Pumiliotoxins (PTXs), are one of several toxins found in the skin of poison dart frogs. There are three different types of this toxin: A, B and C, of which toxins A and B are more toxic than C. Pumiliotoxins interfere with muscle contraction by affecting

Cytochalasin A, a cell-permeable fungal toxin and oxidized derivative of cytochalasin B, is an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease (IC50 = 3 μM). It inhibits actin polymerization, interferes with microtubule assembly by reacting with sulfhydryl groups, and serves as an antibiotic and bactericidal active agent.

Eremofortin B, a sesquiterpenoid synthesized by Penicillium roqueforti, is also known as PR Toxin (PRT) [1].

CD31 TFA, also known as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), functions as the specific receptor for Clostridium perfringens beta-Toxin (CPB) in endothelial cells. It is recognized as an ER-MP12 antigen and plays a pivotal role in connecting mechanical stress, metabolism, and inflammation. Additionally, the CD31 TFA peptide facilitates the phosphorylation of CD31 ITIM 686 and SHP2, further inhibiting TCR-induced T-cell activation [1]-[5].

β-Defensin-1 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth ofB. adolescentis,L. acidophilus,B. breve,B. vulgatus,L. fermentum,B. longum, andS. thermophilusin an antimicrobial radial diffusion assay.2β-Defensin-1 also inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius, and of susceptibleM. tuberculosisH37Rv but not of resistantM. tuberculosisRM22 when used at a concentration of 128 μg/ml.3,4It blocks human and mouse Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channels (IC50s = 11.8 and 13.2 μM, respectively).5Overexpression of β-defensin-1 in the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines HSC-3, UM-1, and SCC-9 increases migration and invasion but not proliferation.6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Schroeder, B.O., Ehmann, D., Precht, J.C., et al.Paneth cell α-defensin 6 (HD-6) is an antimicrobial peptideMucosal Immunol.8(3)661-671(2015) 3.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 4.Fattorini, L., Gennaro, R., Zanetti, M., et al.In vitro activity of protegrin-1 and beta-defensin-1, alone and in combination with isoniazid, against Mycobacterium tuberculosisPeptides25(7)1075-1077(2004) 5.Feng, J., Xie, Z., Yang, W., et al.Human beta-defensin 1, a new animal toxin-like blocker of potassium channelToxicon113(2016) 6.Han, Q., Wang, R., Sun, C., et al.Human beta-defensin-1 suppresses tumor migration and invasion and is an independent predictor for survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma patientsPLoS One9(3)e91867(2014)

Cinobufotalin is a main cardiac toxin in toad, it is a novel anti-HCC agent, it induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in cultured HCC cells through ceramide production. Cinobufotalin is also an effective reversal agent for the multidrug resistance of tu

Indican (Indoxyl-β-D-glucoside) is a natural protective compound that is used to protect the liver.

Bezlotoxumab, a human monoclonal antibody, targets and binds to Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) toxin B, thereby inhibiting its ability to damage intestinal epithelium and cause colitis [1].