atherosclerosis

Clematichinenoside AR exerts anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, it has anti-arthritic effects on PI3K Akt signaling pathway and TNF-α± associated with collagen-induced arthritis.

Emodin 6-O-β-D-glucoside (Glucoemodin) can protect barrier integrity and inhibit HMGB1-mediated inflammatory responses, which suggests a potential use as a therapy for sepsis or septic shock. Emodin 6-O-beta-D-glucoside has anti-inflammatory activities and also may have significant therapeutic benefits against diabetic complications and atherosclerosis.

2-Hydroxybenzylamine, a potent small molecule scavenger of IsoLGs, sequesters the reactive species as inert adducts. 2-Hydroxybenzylamine may be used to decrease early recurrence of atrial fibrillation and other atrial arrhythmias following atrial fibrillation ablation by decreasing IsoLG adducts with native biomolecules.

Allicin exerts antioxidant, bactericidal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities, it exerts an inhibitory immunomodulatory effect on intestinal epithelial cells. Allicin could significantly inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells' proliferation and migration induced by insulin, which may be related to the inhibition of the activation of ERK signal path. Allicin is beneficial in reducing blood cholesterol, triglycerides levels and systolic blood pressure in hypercholesterolemic rats, it may beneficially affect two risk factors for atherosclerosis-hyperlipidemia and hypertension.

Ethyl linoleate is a natural product.

Demethylzeylasteral (T-96), isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii, has anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and anti-tumor activities. It inhibits the invasion of triple-negative breast cancer by blocking the TGF-β signaling pathway, and it can significantly reduce atherosclerosis.

1. Kuwanon G (Moracenin B) as dual inhibitors of PTP1B and α-glucosidase enzymes, as well as insulin sensitizers, it may potentially be utilized as an effective treatment for Type II diabetes mellitus. 2. Kuwanon G has anti-inflammatory activity, it can attenuate atherosclerosis through inhibiting foam cell formation and inflammatory response. 3. Kuwanon G is a potent inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase B. 4. Kuwanon G shows acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase(BChE) inhibitory activities, it may be a promising candidate for preventive and therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. 5. Kuwanon G prevents the pathological progression of allergic asthma through the inhibition of lung destruction by inflammation and immune stimulation. 6. Kuwanon G has antibacterial activity against oral pathogens. 7. Kuwanon G is a specific antagonist for the GRP-preferring receptor and can be useful for studying the physiological and pathological role of GRP.

1. Loganic acid (Loganate) and geniposide exhibit both sides effect on superoxide generation.

Vulpinic Acid (Pulvinic acid methyl ester) is a lichen metabolite with anti-inflammatory, antibacteria, properties, plant growth inhibitor.

Quercetin 3-O-neohesperidoside shows anti-atherosclerosis, and antiplatelet aggregation activities.

Norlichexanthone has the potential to treat and or prevent lifestyle-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Norlichexanthone has antibacterial and antimalarial activity, it has strong activity against Bacillus subtilis with an IC50 range of 1- 5uM, and also has strong inhibitory effect on the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with an IC50 of 20.95±1.56 uM.

Ergosterol peroxide exhibits anti-cancer, amoebicidal, anticomplementary, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-oxdiant, and anti-melanogenic activities. Ergosterol peroxide could as an anti-atherosclerosis agent, it exhibits hACAT-1 and Lp-PLA2 inhibitory effec

Pyrithioxin dihydrochloride (Pyrithioxine HCl) has anti-nociceptive and anti-allodynic effects, can promote the metabolism of glucose and amino acids in the brain, improve systemic assimilation, and can be used to study neurological diseases such as atherosclerosis. Pyrithioxin dihydrochloride can induce severe cholestatic hepatitis.

Diosgenin glucoside (Trillin) and other synthetic glycosides with similar activities may be of use in the management of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Significant inhibition of Diosgenin glucoside synthesis and stimulation of solasodine glucosylation was found only with PC molecular species containing fatty acids with a chain length of 12-18 carbon atoms.

Norbixin, a carotenoid found in B. orellana, exhibits various biological activities including binding to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) with a Ki of 1.15 µM in a cell-free assay. At a dosage of 47.7 mg/kg, norbixin effectively alleviates hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance, in addition to reducing serum lipid levels, cardiac thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and glutathione (GSH) in rat cardio-metabolic syndrome models. It also lowers serum levels of oxidized LDL, aortic protein oxidation, and the atherosclerotic area in a rabbit cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis model. Furthermore, norbixin, administered at 0.1 and 1 mg/kg per day, minimizes mercury-induced DNA damage in rat hepatocytes and leukocytes and prevents photoreceptor degeneration in an Abca4-/- Rdh8-/- mouse model of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Broussonin E could suppress inflammation by modulating macrophages activation state via inhibiting the ERK and p38 MAPK and enhancing JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway, and can be further developed as a promising drug for the treatment of inflammation-related

Total panax notoginsenosides (TPNS) are the main active ingredients in San-Chi, the root of(Burk) F.H. Chen, which belongs to the Araliaceae family and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat atherosclerosis;TPNS can prevent atherosclerosis

7 Beta-Hydroxycholesterol (7β-Hydroxycholesterol) is an oxysterol contained in animal-derived foods. It is an oxidative stress inducer and a candidate marker for assessing cardiovascular risk factors in obesity. It can induce oxidative stress and inflammation and promote atherosclerosis.

Maltotetraose (Fujioligo 450) are potent inhibitors of TNF-α-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression, maltotetraose may be beneficial in the suppression of early atherosclerosis development.

Gardenia yellow (Crocin I) has anti atherosclerosis and hypolipidemic effects.

Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) is a fatty acid widely found in plants with antitumor and antiproliferative effects, inhibits the growth of xenograft tumor cells, and can be used in the study of inflammation-related diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and atopic dermatitis.

Lactucopicrin is a bitter sesquiterpene lactone found in leafy vegetables such as chicory, iceberg lettuce, and garden lettuce. It possesses antimalarial, anticancer, and analgesic properties. Lactucopicrin can inhibit the activation of NF-κB. Through its anti-inflammatory effects, dietary lactucopicrin can reduce atherosclerosis development in mice. Thus, supplementing with lactucopicrin presents a promising strategy for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.

Halociline, a derivative of alkaloids that can be isolated from the marine fungus Penicillium griseofulvum, targets MAPK1, MMP-9, and PIK3CA in gastric cancer cells. This action is potentially mediated by diverse pathways, including cancer, lipid metabolism, atherosclerosis, and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance. Halociline possesses antimicrobial, antioxidant, and biofilm inhibitory activities [1] [2].

7,8-Didehydrocimigenol can be used for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis. It upregulates PPAR-γ in EC inhibits NF-kB activity of TNF-α-activated EC which leads to selective inhibition of VCAM-1 expression.