Lys-γ3-MSH(human) TFA

Lys-γ3-MSH(human) TFA, a melanocortin peptide originating from the C-terminal fragment of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), enhances the steroidogenic response of rat adrenal glands to adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH). It is a potent stimulator of lipolysis, demonstrating an apparent EC50 of 3.56 nM, by activating hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and Perilipin A, leading to lipolysis [1] [2].

3X FLAG peptide TFA (402750-12-3 free base) (3X FLAG peptide TFA) is a synthetic peptide of 23 amino acid residue. The Asp-Tyr-Lys-Xaa-Xaa-Asp motif is repeated three times in the peptide.

N-Formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Lys TFA (For-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Lys-OH (TFA)) (For-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Lys-OH TFA) is a formyl peptide receptor (FPR) agonist[1].Potent chemoattractant for human neutrophils.Radioiodinated molecule has full biological activity.

Kisspeptin-10, human TFA is a potent vasoconstrictor and angiogenesis inhibitor. Kisspeptin-10, human TFA acts as a tumor metastasis suppressor via its receptor GPR54. Kisspeptin-10-GPR54 system plays an important role in embryonic kidney development. Kisspeptin-10/GPR54 signaling induces osteoblast differentiation via NFATc4-mediated BMP2 expression

γ-1-MSH, amide acetate (72629-65-3 free base), a putative hormone in the N-terminal region of the ACTH/beta- endorphin (beta-EP) precursor protein, was studied by RIA with an antiserum against gamma 3-MSH in ACTH-producing mouse pituitary tumor cells, AtT-20/D16v.

Beta-MSH (1-22) (human) acetate (Beta-MSH (1-22) (human) acetate (17908-57-5 Free base)) , is an endogenous melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) agonist.

Gastrin-Releasing Peptide, human(TFA) is a regulatory human peptide that elicits gastrin release and regulates gastric acid secretion and enteric motor function. The post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve that innervate the G cells of the stomach release GRP, which stimulates the G cells to release gastrin.

Peptide YY (PYY) (3-36), human (Peptide YY (3-36)) is a gut hormone peptide. Peptide YY (PYY) (3-36), human acts as a Y2 receptor agonist to reduce appetite.

Lys-[Des-Arg9]Bradykinin,TFA is Endogenous potent and highly selective bradykinin B1 receptor agonist (Ki values are 0.12 and > 30000 nM at human B1 and B2 receptors respectively). Hypotensive agent that reduces peripheral vascular resistance in vivo. 16-fold more potent than [Des-Arg9]-Bradykinin.

Men 10376 TFA(135306-85-3,free) (Neurokinin-2 receptor antagonist TFA) is an effective and selective tachykinin nk-2 receptor antagonist with a K I value of 4.4 M for the nk-2 receptor in the small intestine of rats.

MCH (human, mouse, rat) TFA is a potent peptide agonist for MCH receptors, demonstrating strong affinity with binding IC 50 values of 0.3 nM for MCH1R and 1.5 nM for MCH2R. It is notably effective against MCH-2R in a CHO cell line, as evidenced by the mobilization of intracellular calcium measured with FLIPR, revealing functional activation EC 50 values of 3.9 nM for MCH-1R and 0.1 nM for MCH-2R [1].

TIP39, a neuropeptide and an agonist for the parathyroid hormone receptor type 2 (PTH2R), effectively increases cAMP levels in COS-7 cells featuring recombinant PTH2R from humans or rats (EC50s = 0.5 and 0.8 nM, respectively), as well as in F-11 cells that naturally express PTH2R (EC50 = 1.15 nM). Furthermore, TIP39 at 1 nM halts the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and reduces Sox9 expression, a crucial regulator of cartilage differentiation, in CFK2 rat chondrocytes. Additionally, administering 100 pmol/animal of TIP39 reduces the immobility period in the forced swim test in mice, indicating a potential antidepressant effect.

Orexin B, human (TFA) is an endogenous agonist at Orexin receptor with Kis of 420 and 36 nM for OX1 and OX2.

PAMP-12(human, porcine) TFA, a significant constituent of immunoreactive (ir)-PAMP, derives from the adrenomedullin precursor and functions as a potent hypotensive peptide involved in cardiovascular regulation [1].

Obestatin(human) TFA, an endogenous peptide originating from the same prepropeptide as ghrelin, is known to suppress food intake and reduce weight gain in rats.

ACTH (3-24) (human, bovine, mouse, ovine, porcine, rabbit, rat), the fragment spanning amino acids 3-24 of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), serves as a research tool in studying a range of illnesses, such as cancer, immune diseases, and cardiovascular disease [1].

TNF-α (31-45), human (TFA) is a peptide of tumor necrosis factor-α.

Klotho-derived peptide 1 (KP1) (56-87), a peptide originating from the human Klotho protein, disrupts TGF-β signaling by binding to TGF-β receptor types 1 and 2 (TGFBR1 and TGFBR2; Kds = 1.41 and 14.6 µM, respectively). Preincubation with KP1 at a concentration of 10 µg/ml hinders the TGF-β-induced escalation of fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) levels in NRK-49F rat fibroblasts. Furthermore, in vivo studies reveal that KP1, administered at 1 mg/kg per day, preferentially accumulates in damaged kidneys, leading to significant reductions in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, indicators of improved kidney function. Additionally, it decreases kidney fibrosis in mouse models of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced renal fibrosis.

PACAP-38 (31-38), human, mouse, rat (TFA) demonstrates potent, efficacious, and sustained stimulatory effects on sympathetic neuronal.

Human LL-37 is a 37 amino acid cationic (6+) peptide and has been widely studied. LL-37 penetrates the bacterial membrane and forms pores in the membrane.

Fibrinopeptide A, human is a 16-residue short polypeptide cleaved from fibrinogen by thrombin. Fibrinopeptide A, human locates at the NH2-termini of the Aα chain.The conversion of monomeric fibrinogen into polymeric fibrin is mediated by thrombin, which b

Stimulating -Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH), human TFA, is a 22 peptide and is an endogenous melanocortin-4 receptor.MC4 - R) agonists.

Tau protein (592-597), Human (TFA) is a peptide fragment of human Tau protein.

GIP (3-42), human acetate is an antagonist of a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor and regulates insulin secretion and GIP metabolism in vivo.

Endogenous agonist at orexin receptors (Ki values are 20 and 38 nM for OX1 and OX2 receptors respectively). Stimulates feeding following central administration and may be involved in the control of sleep-wake cycle and other hypothalamic functions.

Neuropeptide W-23 (human) (NPW-23) TFA, representing the active form of Neuropeptide W, functions as an endogenous agonist for both NPBW1 (GPR7) and NPBW2 (GPR8) receptors [1].

Endothelin-3, human, mouse, rabbit, rat , is a cyclic 21 amino acid peptide. It is an endogenous neuropeptide and potent vasoconstrictor.

α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is a 13-amino acid peptide hormone produced by post-translational processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the pituitary gland, as well as in keratinocytes, astrocytes, monocytes, and gastrointestinal cells.1It is an agonist of melanocortin receptor 3 (MC3R) and MC4R that induces cAMP production in Hepa cells expressing the human receptors (EC50s = 0.16 and 56 nM, respectively).2α-MSH (100 pM) reducesS. aureuscolony formation andC. albicansgerm tube formationin vitro.3It inhibits endotoxin-, ceramide-, TNF-α-, or okadaic acid-induced activation of NF-κB in U937 cells.1α-MSH reduces IL-6- or TNF-α-induced ear edema in mice.4It also prevents the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats and increases survival in a mouse model of septic shock. Increased plasma levels of α-MSH are positively correlated with delayed disease progression and reduced death in patients with HIV.1 1.Catania, A., Airaghi, L., Colombo, G., et al.α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in normal human physiology and disease statesTrends Endocrinol. Metab.11(8)304-308(2000) 2.Miwa, H., Gantz, I., Konda, Y., et al.Structural determinants of the melanocortin peptides required for activation of melanocortin-3 and melanocortin-4 receptorsJ. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.273(1)367-372(1995) 3.Cutuli, M., Cristiani, S., Lipton, J.M., et al.Antimicrobial effects of a-MSH peptidesJ. Leukoc. Biol.67(2)233-239(2000) 4.Lipton, J.M., Ceriani, G., Macaluso, A., et al.Antiiinflammatory effect of the neuropeptide a-MSH in acute, chronic, and systemic inflammationAnn. N.Y. Acad. Sci.25(741)137-148(1994)

[Ala2] Endothelin-3, human is a linear analog of endothelin-3 (ET-3), characterized by the substitution of Ala for Cys residues. ET-3, a vasoactive peptide produced by human rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines but not expressed in non-muscle-origin human sarcoma cell lines, serves as a paracrine factor by promoting endothelial cell migration [1] [2].

MAGE-3 Antigen (167-176) (human) is an eight-amino-acid polypeptide that serves as an epitope for HLA-B44 molecules, encoded by the melanoma antigen gene (MAGE) [1].

GIP (3-42), human (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (3-42) (human)) is a peptide that acts as a glucose-dependent proinsulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor antagonist and regulates insulin secretion and the metabolic effects of GIP in vivo, which can be used to study type 2 diabetes.

Nocistatin (human) TFA inhibits the allodynia and hyperalgesia induced by nociceptin and mitigates pain triggered by prostaglandin E2 [1].

Adrenomedullin (AM) (22-52), human (22-52-Adrenomedullin human) TFAis a kind of NH2 TFA truncated at the end of the quality of adrenal medullary analogue, is a kind of quality of adrenal medullary receptor antagonist.

Neuropeptide Y (3-36) (human, rat) is a metabolite of neuropeptide Y (NPY) generated by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4). Known as a selective Y2 receptor agonist, Neuropeptide Y (3-36) (human, rat) effectively reduces the release of norepinephrine via the Y2 receptor[1][2].

GLP-1 (1-36) amide (human, rat) TFA, a molecular variant of GLP-1 (7-36) amide, can induce [14C]aminopyrine accumulation in enzymatically dispersed enriched rat parietal cells [1].

Urotensin II (114-124), human TFA, is an 11-amino acid residue peptide with a strong vasoconstrictor effect. This compound acts as an agonist for the orphan receptor GPR14.

GIP (1-30) amide (Human) TFA is a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide fragment. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone that stimulates insulin secretion and reduces postprandial glycaemic excursions.

Human β-defensin-3 (HβD-3) is an antibiotic antimicrobial peptide synthesized by epithelial cells. It exhibits potent antimicrobial properties and mitigates inflammatory cytokine responses. HβD-3 efficiently targets various microorganisms, displaying IC90 values ranging from 6 to 25 μg/ml.

PACAP (6-38), human, ovine, rat TFA is a potent PACAP receptor antagonist with IC50s of 30, 600, and 40 nM for PACAP type I receptor, PACAP type II receptor VIP1, and PACAP type II receptor VIP2, respectively.

H-Lys(Tfa)-OH is an inhibitor of L-lysine cyclodeaminase.

DPDPE TFA is selective δ-opioid receptor agonist peptide. Inhibits electrically stimulated contraction of mouse vas deferens in vitro (EC50 = 5.2 nM), and is antinociceptive in vivo.

Phytochelatin 3 (PC 3) TFA is a small peptide known for its metal-chelating properties, particularly effective in binding heavy metals [1].

Amylin, amide, human TFA, a 37-amino acid polypeptide, functions as a pancreatic hormone that is cosecreted with insulin, playing distinct roles in metabolism and glucose homeostasis. It regulates blood sugar by inhibiting glucagon secretion, delaying gastric emptying, and promoting satiety [1].

Agonist of the NPFF1 receptor (IC50 = 0.7 nM for inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP production). Homolog of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH); inhibits activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons.

(Leu31,Pro34)-Peptide YY (human) (TFA) is the trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) form of (Leu31,Pro34)-Peptide YY (human), a derivative of Peptide YY that acts as a potent and selective Y1 agonist, exhibiting a dissociation constant (K D) of 1.0 nM [1].

Biotin-β-Amyloid (1-42), human TFA, also known as Biotin-Amyloid β-Peptide (1-42) (human) TFA, is a biotin-labeled 42-amino acid peptide implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease [1].

Atrial natriuretic peptide (3-28) (human) (ANP (3-28) (human)), a peptide hormone produced by the atrial myocardium, plays a critical role in the regulation of blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte homeostasis [1] [2].

Human GALP (3-32) (Galanin-like peptide (3-32)) serves as a high-affinity agonist for galanin receptors GalR1 (IC50 = 33 nM) and GalR2 (IC50 = 15 nM), as evidenced by competitive binding studies. It demonstrates significant potency in modifying the extracellular acidification rate in SH-SY5Y cells expressing GalR2 (EC50 = 360 nM) [1].

Gastric inhibitory peptide 1 (GIP-1) (3-42), a fragment of the incretin hormone GIP and antagonist to the GIP receptor, is generated through the action of serum dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DDP-4). When administered at 25 nmol/kg to an ob/ob mouse diabetes model, GIP-1 (3-42) elevates plasma glucose levels and lowers plasma insulin levels, demonstrating its effect on reducing insulin secretion from BRIN-BD11 pancreatic cells at a concentration of 100 nM.

LL-37 (18-37), an antimicrobial peptide fragment of LL-37, exhibits activity against S. aureus and C. albicans, with minimum lethal concentrations of 4 µM and 10 µM, respectively. Additionally, it inhibits E. histolytica trophozoites growth at concentrations between 10 to 50 µM.