1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran

1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) is a fluorescent probe. It possesses a highly specific reactivity towards singlet oxygen forming an endoperoxide which decomposes to give 1,2-dibenzoylbenzene. 1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran can detect the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Coelenteramine 400a (Coelenterazine 400a), a Coelenterazine derivative, serves as a substrate for Renilla luciferase (RLuc), facilitating the emission of blue light at 395 nm [1] [2]. This compound alters the bioluminescence color of RLuc by substituting the sulfur and oxygen heteroatoms in the methylene bridge. Coelenteramine 400a enhances signal resolution, proving useful in bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) research [3].

NBD-PE is a lipid dye used primarily as a probe to study lipid organisation and dynamics within cell membranes and also to study membrane fusion by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), Ex=463 nm, Em=536 nm.

DAOS (Sodium 3-((3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)(ethyl)amino)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate),Trinder's reagent, is a new type of highly water-soluble aniline derivative. It is widely used in diagnostic tests and biochemical tests.

Complex 3 is a fluorescent dithiocarbamate-copper complex exhibiting anticancer properties, specifically targeting mitochondria. It has excitation emission maxima at 455-495 535 nm. Complex 3 inhibits the growth of pancreatic cancer cells BxPC-3, AsPC-1, PANC-1, and WI38, with IC50 values of 0.74, 0.41, 0.62, and 2.06 µM, respectively. In AsPC-1 cells, it induces lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial fragmentation and constriction, apoptosis, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction dysfunction. Furthermore, Complex 3 reduces tumor volume and induces apoptosis within tumors in AsPC-1 mouse xenograft models.

Alexa fluor 647 maleimide is a water-soluble fluorescent dye that maintains stability under a broad range of physiological conditions. Alexa fluor 647 maleimide facilitates the covalent attachment of fluorescent groups to proteins through selective reaction with thiol groups, thereby enabling precise labeling. This labeling method offers both high sensitivity and specificity, allowing detection of proteins at very low concentrations. Alexa fluor 647 maleimide is widely applied in the study of protein expression and localization, and it can also be conjugated to antibodies for labeling cell surface antigens or specific proteins within tissues [Ex/Em(nm)=651/671].

8-(4-ethynylphenyl)-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl BODIPY is an organic fluorescent dye characterized by an ethynylphenyl group at the 8-position of the boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) structure and methyl substituents at the 1, 3, 5, and 7 positions. It boasts a high fluorescence quantum yield and specific chemical properties, making it useful for applications such as fluorescence imaging.

8-(4-bromophenyl)-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-BODIPY is a derivative based on the BODIPY structure, featuring four methyl groups at positions 1, 3, 5, and 7, with a para-bromophenyl group attached at position 8. This compound finds extensive use in fields such as bioimaging, chemical analysis, and materials science, serving as a fluorescent probe for imaging biological samples, detecting specific chemicals, or in the development of optical materials.

5-FAM-NH2.HCl is a derivative fluorescent dye of 5-FAM. 5-FAM (5-Carboxyfluorescein) is a green fluorescent probe and fluorescein derivative used for labelling peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids, with excitation/emission wavelengths of 490/520 nm.

MMTr-Cy3-OH is a Cy3-derived dye. The MMTr protecting group ensures stability of the intermediate product, while the hydroxyl group facilitates subsequent reactions. Cy3 (Sulfo-Cyanine 3) is an amine-reactive cyanine orange dye with excitation/emission wavelengths of 550/570 nm, commonly employed for fluorescent labelling of proteins and nucleic acids.

Diazirine acid is commonly used as a photoreactive labelling probe, which decomposes under 365 nm ultraviolet light to produce highly reactive carbene intermediates, and can be used for click chemistry and cross-linking studies.

Cy3-N3,sulfo Cy3(Et)-N3.DIPEA is a CY3-derived dye. CY3 (Sulfo-Cyanine3) is an amine-reactive cyanine orange dye with an Ex/Em of 550/570 nm, commonly used for fluorescent labelling of proteins and nucleic acids.

Fluorescent ACKR3 antagonist 1 (compound 18a) functions as an atypical chemokine receptor 3 (chemokine receptor3) antagonist.

Lumogallion (4-Chloro-3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenylazo)-2-hydroxybenzene-1-sulfonic acid) is an azo reagent used in the determination of metal ions, such as the research of V, Fe, and Al.

Gallocyanine is a small molecule blue dye used to stain nuclei. It is known to inhibit Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1), an antagonist of the Wnt pathway. Gallocyanine can disrupt the interaction of Dkk1 with its receptor LRP5/6 (IC50 = 3 μM), thereby activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Modulation of the Dkk1-LRP5/6 interaction via gallocyanine has been shown to inhibit prostaglandin J2-induced tau phosphorylation at serine396 in primary cortical neurons in vitro.

cis-Parinaric acid is a naturally occurring polyunsaturated fatty acid containing an unusual conjugated (Z,E,E,Z) tetraene. This chromophore provides for a natural fluorescence at 432 nm with an excitation wavelength at 320 nm. cis-Parinaric acid occurs naturally in the seeds of the Makita tree, a tropical rainforest tree indigenous to Fiji. Makita seeds are inedible, and this toxicity may be due at least in part to the unstable conjugated fatty acids, including cis-parinaric acid, contained within the seed. cis-Parinaric acid has been used for the measurement of phospholipase activity, lipase activity, and as an indicator of lipid peroxidation.[1][2][3][4]

STY-BODIPY is a styrene-conjugated fluorogenic probe for radical-trapping antioxidant (RTA) activity.1 Co-autoxidation of the STY-BODIPY signal carrier and a hydrocarbon co-substrate can be quantified by monitoring the loss of absorbance at 571 nm. STY-BODIPY has been used to measure the activity of RTAs, as well as the kinetics and stoichiometry of RTA reactions in cell-free assays.1,2,3References1. Haidasz, E.A., Van Kessel, A.T.M., and Pratt, D.A. A continuous visible light spectrophotometric approach to accurately determine the reactivity of radical-trapping antioxidants. J. Org. Chem. 81(3), 737-744 (2016).2. Shah, R., Shchepinov, M.S., and Pratt, D.A. Resolving the role of lipoxygenases in the initiation and execution of ferroptosis. ACS Cent. Sci. 4(3), 387-396 (2018).3. Chauvin, J.-P.R., Haidasz, E.A., Griesser, M., et al. Polysulfide-1-oxides react with peroxyl radicals as quickly as hindered phenolic antioxidants and do so by a surprising concerted homolytic substitution. Chem. Sci. 7(10), 6347-6356 (2016). STY-BODIPY is a styrene-conjugated fluorogenic probe for radical-trapping antioxidant (RTA) activity.1 Co-autoxidation of the STY-BODIPY signal carrier and a hydrocarbon co-substrate can be quantified by monitoring the loss of absorbance at 571 nm. STY-BODIPY has been used to measure the activity of RTAs, as well as the kinetics and stoichiometry of RTA reactions in cell-free assays.1,2,3 References1. Haidasz, E.A., Van Kessel, A.T.M., and Pratt, D.A. A continuous visible light spectrophotometric approach to accurately determine the reactivity of radical-trapping antioxidants. J. Org. Chem. 81(3), 737-744 (2016).2. Shah, R., Shchepinov, M.S., and Pratt, D.A. Resolving the role of lipoxygenases in the initiation and execution of ferroptosis. ACS Cent. Sci. 4(3), 387-396 (2018).3. Chauvin, J.-P.R., Haidasz, E.A., Griesser, M., et al. Polysulfide-1-oxides react with peroxyl radicals as quickly as hindered phenolic antioxidants and do so by a surprising concerted homolytic substitution. Chem. Sci. 7(10), 6347-6356 (2016).

Coelenterazine hcp is a synthetic bioluminescent luciferin that displays an emission maximum of 445 nm.1It has been used as a calcium indicator and substrate to quantifyRenillaluciferase activity.1,2,3 1.Sabnis, R.W.Handbook of biological dyes and stains: Synthesis and industrial applications(2010) 2.Shimomura, O., Kishi, Y., and Inouye, S.The relative rate of aequorin regeneration from apoaequorin and coelenterazine analoguesBiochemistry Journal296(Pt 3)549-551(1993) 3.Pichler, A., Prior, J.L., and Piwnica-Worms, D.Imaging reversal of multidrug resistance in living mice with bioluminescence: MDR1 P-glycoprotein transports coelenterazineProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.101(6)1702-1707(2004)

bis-ANS is a high-affinity non-covalent extrinsic fluorescent dye used to analyze protein conformation.[1] Its predominant interaction with proteins is through its hydrophobic phenyl and naphthyl rings.[2] bis-ANS has an excitation maxima of 390 nm.[3] It has an emission maximum of 523 nm when free in solution but undergoes a blue shift with an increase in fluorescence intensity when bound to protein; for example, when bound to intestinal fatty acid binding protein (FAPB2) it has emission maxima of 484-496 nm. bis-ANS has been used to label mechanically damaged neurons in acute brain slices.4 It also potently inhibits microtubule assembly.[5],[6]

Fluo-3 (ammonium salt) is a fluorescent calcium indicator commonly used in flow cytometry and cell-based experiments to detect changes in intracellular calcium levels. [1] Its absorption maximum at 506 nm makes it compatible with excitation at 488 nm by argon-ion laser sources. Fluo-3 provides intense fluorescence upon binding calcium, detected at a maximum emission at 526 nm which can be monitored by FL1 (green, 525 nm band pass) sensors in flow cytometry.

XTT is a cell-impermeable, negatively charged tetrazolium dye that produces a water-soluble formazan when reduced at the cell surface by cellular-derived NADH and an electron mediator [1,2]. It is frequently used in colorimetric assays to measure cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis [3].

Cal Green 1 is a cell-impermeant fluorescent calcium indicator that is characterized by high quantum yield and low phototoxicity. Its peak excitation and emission wavelengths (506 and 531 nm, respectively) are comparable to standard fluorescein dyes, making Cal Green 1 appropriate for fluorescent microscopy. Cal Green 1 is ~5-fold brighter than fluo-3 at saturating calcium levels.

The rapid, selective, and sensitive sensing of thiols is important in diverse areas of research. This thiofluor 623 responds upon exposure to thiols with an increase in fluorescence intensity of up to 120-fold. The response is selective for thiols and occurs in aqueous media. In the absence of thiols, the probe is essentially non-fluorescent; thiols cause cleavage of the probe, generating a fluorophore with an absorption maximum of 563 nm and emission at 623 nm. The fluorescence quantum yield of the cleaved product, generated in response to thiols, increases in more viscous media, suggesting ideal performance in biological systems and applicability to single-molecule or 2-photon sensing schemes. The thiofluor 623 is cell-permeable and reacts selectively with intracellular thiols. The pseudo-first order rate constant (kobs) depends on substrate (e.g., 2.1 x 10-3 s-1 for cysteine, 2.0 x 10-5 s-1 for human serum albumin).

ICG-carboxylic acid is a near-infrared (NIR) fluorocein dye and ICG derivative. ICG (Indocyanine Green) is a fluorescent dye for medical diagnostics with Ex/Em = 790/815 nm, applicable for blood flow measurement and angiography. ICG may also be conjugated to targeted antibodies for tumour cell ablation, such as PANC-1 and BxPC-3.