(a)-kainic acid

(-)-(α)-Kainic Acid (hydrate) is an effective excitotoxic agent that acts as an agonist of ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes, capable of inducing seizures and commonly used to establish animal models of epilepsy.

Generates large inward currents at resting membrane potential

Kainic acid is an excitatory amino acid receptor agonist (EC50=16.2 μM). Kainic acid is an effective excitatory toxic agent. Kainic acid induces epileptic seizures.

Domoic acid is a kainic acid analog.

Aspalatone is an anti-platelet aggregator (IC50 = 180 μM, in vitro) that prolongs bleeding time significantly in a rodent model of thromboembolism. Additionally at a minimal effective dose of 24 mg/kg, aspalatone generates antioxidant and neuroprotective effects against kainic acid-induced epilepsy in rat hippocampus.

(RS)-AMPA ((±)-AMPA) monohydrate, a potent and selective agonist of the excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamic acid and a glutamate analogue, does not interact with the binding sites of kainic acid or NMDA receptors, highlighting its selectivity [1] [2].

Neuronotoxicity-IN-1 is a pyridothiazine derivative. Neuronotoxicity-IN-1 is an inhibitor of kainic acid neurotoxicity with neuroprotective activity[1].

3-ATA is a selective cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) inhibitor, attenuating kainic acid-induced apoptosis in neurons.

Neuroprotectin B is a cyclic peptide that safeguards cultured chicken neurons from excitotoxicity induced by glutamate and kainic acid.

Neuroprotectin A (Complestatin A) is a cyclic peptide that safeguards cultured chicken brain neurons from excitotoxicity caused by glutamate and kainic acid.