(α)-kainic acid

(-)-(α)-Kainic Acid (hydrate) is an effective excitotoxic agent that acts as an agonist of ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes, capable of inducing seizures and commonly used to establish animal models of epilepsy.

Generates large inward currents at resting membrane potential

Kainic acid is an excitatory amino acid receptor agonist (EC50=16.2 μM). Kainic acid is an effective excitatory toxic agent. Kainic acid induces epileptic seizures.

EAAT2(GLT1)-selective non-transportable inhibitor of L-glutamate and L-aspartate uptake

NBQX disodium is a highly selective, competitive AMPA receptor antagonist with neuroprotective and anticonvulsant activity. NBQX disodium is a salt of NBQX. NBQX disodium is a potent and selective AMPA/rhodosinate receptor antagonist that can be used to antagonize the excitatory toxicity of glutamate. It has anticonvulsant effects in rodent models.