Cholesterol is the primary sterol in mammals, accounting for approximately 20–25% of the plasma membrane structure. It plays a key role in regulating membrane fluidity, permeability, and protein function. As an endogenous agonist of estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), cholesterol is widely involved in metabolic regulation and serves as a precursor for the synthesis of hormones and bile acids. It is commonly used in experimental models of hyperlipidemia.

Oleuropein is an antioxidant polyphenol isolated from olive leaf.

4-(1,2-Dihydroxyethyl)benzene-1,2-diol is a phenolic derivative with redox activity that can act as an oxidizing agent. 4-(1,2-Dihydroxyethyl)benzene-1,2-diol downregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory enzymes (iNOS, COX-2) and inhibits the degradation of IκBα, and is commonly used in research on inflammation-related diseases.

Fraxamoside is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor (XOI) comparable in potency in vitro to the standard antigout drug allopurinol. It shows significant free radical scavenging effect against DPPH(EC50=62.6 uM).