vesicles

4'-Hydroxychalcone (2-Benzal-4-Hydroxyacetophenone) is a chalcone metabolite with hepatoprotective activity

7-Chlorokynurenic acid (7-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-carboxyquinoline) is an effecitve and selective antagonist of NMDA receptor with IC50 of 0.56 μM for the glycine B coagonist site. 7-Chlorokynurenic acid inhibits the reuptake of glutamate into synaptic vesicles with a Ki of 0.59 μM and shows antinociceptive actions after neuraxial delivery.

Reserpine (Serpalan) is an alkaloid isolated from the root of Rauwolfia serpentina. As an inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), it suppresses the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles, leading to depletion of catecholamines and serotonin in central and peripheral nerve terminals. It has antihypertensive and antipsychotic effects and can be used to induce gastric ulcer and depression models.

L-Aspartic aicd sodium (Sodium L-aspartate) is an amino acid, a precursor active molecule for colon-specific active molecule delivery, that promotes Na+ efflux from rat forebrain membrane vesicles.

Guanosine 5'-triphosphate trisodium salt (5'-GTP trisodium salt) activates signal-transducing G proteins involved in cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and activation of intracellular kinase cascades. It regulates proliferation and apoptosis through the hydrolysis by small GTPases Ras and Rho, and plays a role in vesicle docking, fusion, and formation via Rab. Additionally, GTP serves as an energy-rich precursor for the biosynthesis of DNA and RNA.

Reserpine hydrochloride is the salt form of Reserpine and acts as an inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). It blocks the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles, leading to the depletion of catecholamines and serotonin at central and peripheral nerve terminals. It has antihypertensive and antipsychotic properties and is commonly used to induce models of gastric ulcer and depression.

Methyl reserpate (NSC 81464), a yohimbine-type alkaloid derived from the roots and leaves of Rauwolfia vomitoria, inhibits the transport of norepinephrine into chromophobe vesicles.

Isosaponarin is a natural product with multiple activities. It inhibits the increase in Ca2+ levels induced by 4-aminopyridine in rat synaptosomes without affecting the membrane potential of synaptosomes, while reducing the phosphorylation of PKC, PKCα, SNAP-25, and MARCKS, thereby inhibiting the release of glutamate from vesicles in synaptosomes.

Deserpidine (Harmonyl) is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an ester alkaloid drug isolated from Rauwolfia canescens (family Apocynaceae) with antipsychotic and antihypertensive properties that has been used for the control of high blood pressure and for the relief of psychotic behavior.Deserpidine's mechanism of action is through inhibition of the ATP/Mg2+ pump responsible for the sequestering of neurotransmitters into storage vesicles located in the presynaptic neuron. Deserpidine is a competitive angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Deserpidine also decreases angiotensin II-induced aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex.

Kaerophyllin ( (-)-Kaerophylin), a lignan isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Chai Hu, inhibits activation of hepatic stellate cells by hepatocyte apoptotic vesicles, and protects rat liver from TAA-induced injury and fibrosis by suppressing hepatic inflammation and inhibiting HSC activation.

Bilirubindiglucuronide is a metabolite of Bilirubin. Bilirubin diglucuronide can inhibit the MRP1 2-mediated, ATP-dependent transport of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) in membrane vesicles.