vertebrate

Epinastine hydrochloride (WAL-801CL HCl) is an antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer that is used in eye drops to treat allergic conjunctivitis.

Octopamine hydrochloride ((±)-p-Octopamine hydrochlorid) is a biogenic monoamine structurally associated with noradrenaline. It can serve as a neurohormone, a neurotransmitter, and a neuromodulator in invertebrates.

Allocholic acid is a fetal bile acid found in vertebrates and reappears during liver regeneration and carcinogenesis. It is also a potent and specific stimulant of the adult olfactory system.

Creatine (Methylguanidoacetic acid) is an amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. Creatine functions as part of the cell's energy shuttle. The high energy phosphate group of ATP is transferred to creatine to form phosphocreatine in the following reaction: Cr + ATP <-> PCr + ADP. This reaction is reversibly catalyzed by creatine kinase. In the human body, creatine is synthesized mainly in the liver by the use of parts from three different amino acids: arginine, glycine, and methionine. 95% of it is later stored in the skeletal muscles and the rest is stored in the brain, heart, and testes.

Phosphocreatine disodium hydrate ishigh-energy phosphate reservoir in vertebrate and some invertebrate muscle; provides phosphate for ADP-ATP conversion

Pepsin A is a protease and endopeptidase in the stomach, capable of breaking down proteins in food into small peptide fragments.

16,16-Dimethyl prostaglandin E2 is an orally active vertebrate Hematopoietic stem cells homeostasis critical regulator. It can act through EP2/EP4 and has an interaction with the Wnt pathway.

(S)-nitro-Blebbistatin is a more stable form of (-)-blebbistatin , which is a selective cell-permeable inhibitor of non-muscle myosin II ATPases. (-)-Blebbistatin rapidly and reversibly inhibits Mg-ATPase activity and in vitro motility of non-muscle myosin IIA and IIB for several species (IC50s = 0.5-5 μM), while poorly inhibiting smooth muscle myosin (IC50 = 80 μM). Through these effects, it blocks apoptosis-related bleb formation, directed cell migration, and cytokinesis in vertebrate cells. However, prolonged exposure to blue light (450-490 nm) results in degradation of blebbistatin to an inactive product via cytotoxic intermediates, which may be problematic for its use in fluorescent live cell imaging applications. The addition of a nitro group stabilizes the molecule to circumvent its degradation by prolonged blue light exposure. (S)-nitro-Blebbistatin has the same stereochemistry as the active (-)-blebbistatin enantiomer.

para-amino-Blebbistatin is a more water-soluble form of (S)-4'-nitro-blebbistatin , which is a more stable and less phototoxic form of (-)-blebbistatin .1,2,3 (-)-Blebbistatin is a selective cell-permeable inhibitor of non-muscle myosin II ATPases that rapidly and reversibly inhibits Mg-ATPase activity and in vitro motility of non-muscle myosin IIA and IIB for several species (IC50s = 0.5-5 μM), while poorly inhibiting smooth muscle myosin (IC50 = 80 μM).2,3,4 Through these effects, it blocks apoptosis-related bleb formation, directed cell migration, and cytokinesis in vertebrate cells. However, prolonged exposure to blue light (450-490 nm) results in degradation of blebbistatin to an inactive product via cytotoxic intermediates, which may be problematic for its use in fluorescent live cell imaging applications.5,6 The addition of a 4'-amino group increases its water solubility, decreases the inherent fluorescence, stabilizes the molecule to circumvent its degradation by prolonged blue light exposure, and decreases its phototoxicity while retaining the in vitro and in vivo activity of blebbistatin.7 para-amino-Blebbistatin has the same stereochemistry as the active (-)-blebbistatin enantiomer. |1. Várkuti, B.H., Képiró, M., Horváth, I.á., et al. A highly soluble, non-phototoxic, non-fluorescent blebbistatin derivative. Sci. Rep. 6:26141, (2016).|2. Straight, A.F., Cheung, A., Limouze, J., et al. Dissecting temporal and spatial control of cytokinesis with a myosin II inhibitor. Science 299(5613), 1743-1747 (2003).|3. Kovács, M., Tóth, J., Hetényi, C., et al. Mechanism of blebbistatin inhibition of myosin II. J. Biol. Chem. 279(34), 35557-35563 (2004).|4. Limouze, J., Straight, A.F., Mitchison, T., et al. Specificity of blebbistatin, an inhibitor of myosin II. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 25(4-5), 337-341 (2004).|5. Kolega, J. Phototoxicity and photoinactivation of blebbistatin in UV and visible light. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 320(3), 1020-1025 (2004).|6. Sakamoto, T., Limouze, J., Combs, C.A., et al. Blebbistatin, a myosin II inhibitor, is photoinactivated by blue light. Biochemistry 44(2), 584-588 (2005).|7. Verhasselt, S., Roman, B.I., Bracke, M.E., et al. Improved synthesis and comparative analysis of the tool properties of new and existing D-ring modified (S)-blebbistatin analogs. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 136, 85-103 (2017).

N-Acetyl-L-histidine monohydrate (NAH) is a histidine derivative and a prominent biomolecule found in the brain, retina, and lens of poikilothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates. It functions as an essential animal metabolite and serves as a major osmolyte in the brain and ocular tissues of teleost fish, amphibians, and reptiles. Unlike poikilotherms, homeothermic (endothermic) vertebrates exhibit significantly lower levels of NAH in the brain and other tissues, highlighting its unique phylogenetic distribution and specialized physiological role in evolutionary biology and vertebrate homeostasis.

Fmoc-Gly-OH is the simplest Fmoc-amino acid and is the only standard amino acid without a chiral center, Fmoc-Gly-OH is an N-Fmoc-protected form of Glycine (G615990). Glycine is a nonessential amino acid that acts as an inhibitory neyrotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. Glycine also posesses cytoprotective against oxidant damage in the kidney.

(R)-(+)-Blebbistatin O-Benzoate is a derivative of Blebbistatin. (R)-(+)-Blebbistatin is a 1-phenyl-2-pyrrolidinone derivative and a selective inhibitor of non-muscle myosin II. It blocks cell blebbing rapidly and reversibly and also disrupts directed cell migration and cytokinesis in vertebrate cell. (R)-(+)-Blebbistatin can also inhibit contraction of the cleavage furrow without disrupting mitosis or contractile ring assembly. (R)-(+)-Blebbistatin is suitable as a negative control for (S)-(-)-Blebblastatin.

Phoenixin-20 (PNX-20) is a vertebrate bioactive peptide with hormone-like actions, stimulating the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis to regulate mammalian reproduction, enhancing neuronal mitochondrial biogenesis via the CREB-PGC-1α pathway, and possessing an anxiolytic effect [1] [2] [3].

Z-PDLDA-NHOH is a potent, specific vertebrate collagenase inhibitor [1].

Locustatachykinin II (Lom-TK II), an insect neuropeptide analogous to the vertebrate tachykinin family, serves as a research tool for investigating insect endocrine systems [1].

(S)-3'-hydroxy-Blebbistatin is a more stable and less phototoxic derivative of (–)-blebbistatin, retaining the latter's properties as a selective, cell-permeable inhibitor of non-muscle myosin II ATPases. Unlike its predecessor, (S)-3'-hydroxy-Blebbistatin exhibits reduced fluorescence, improving its utility in live cell imaging applications by diminishing degradation into cytotoxic intermediates under blue light exposure (450-490 nm). It effectively inhibits the Mg-ATPase activity and in vitro motility of non-muscle myosin IIA and IIB across various species with IC50 values ranging from 0.5-5 µM and shows minimal inhibition against smooth muscle myosin with an IC50 of 80 µM. This compound plays a critical role in preventing apoptosis-related bleb formation, directed cell migration, and cytokinesis in vertebrate cells, mirroring the active (–)-blebbistatin enantiomer in mechanism and efficacy.

"(S)-3'-amino Blebbistatin, retaining the active stereochemistry of the less stable and more phototoxic (–)-blebbistatin, serves as a refined selective cell-permeable inhibitor of non-muscle myosin II ATPases. This compound efficaciously inhibits the Mg-ATPase activity and in vitro motility of non-muscle myosin IIA and IIB across several species with IC50s ranging from 0.5-5 µM, and exhibits minimal inhibition against smooth muscle myosin (IC50= 80 µM). Its primary functions include obstructing apoptosis-related bleb formation, directed cell migration, and cytokinesis in vertebrate cells. (S)-3'-amino Blebbistatin overcomes (–)-blebbistatin's limitation of rapid degradation under blue light (450-490 nm) exposure, which generates cytotoxic intermediates, thus posing a challenge for fluorescent live cell imaging applications. The introduction of a 3'-amino group to its structure notably reduces fluorescence while maintaining (–)-blebbistatin's activity, making it a superior alternative for research purposes."

Carlina oxide is both an AChE inhibitor and an antioxidant, effective in eliminating mosquito larvae (LC50=1.39 μg/mL). Furthermore, Carlina oxide exhibits cytotoxicity in vertebrate cells, human dermis, and HCT116 and MDA-MB231 cell lines.

[Arg8]-Vasotocin (TFA) is a nonmammalian vertebrate neurohypophyseal peptide.

Cholecystokinin (26-33) free acid, a part of cholecystokinin (CCK), is a highly selective ligand for CCKB-type receptors found in the vertebrate CNS and induces a mild taste aversion conditioned reflex in rats.

Locustatachykinin I TFA is an insect tachykinin-related peptide isolated from Locusta migratoria. It displays sequence homology with vertebrate tachykinins and, in Lacanobia, also serves as a substrate for deamidase.

VPGVG is a repeating sequence that forms elastin-like polypeptides. It originates from a sequence found within the hydrophobic domain of vertebrate elastin. Elastin-like polypeptides are a type of temperature-responsive biomaterial.