serpentine

Serpentine is an alkaloid found in the roots of Rosa Centifolia that acts as an insulin sensitizer to assist insulin in lowering blood glucose.Serpentine activates the phosphorylation of AMPK, which stimulates glucose uptake by C2C12 cells.Serpentine increases the expression of GSK-3β mRNA in muscle tissues, which enhances glucose uptake.Serpentine also increases glucose production and hepatic gluconeogenesis.Serpentine has a significant effect on glucagon secretion and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Serpentine significantly increased glucagon secretion and hepatic gluconeogenesis. In high-fat diet streptozotocin (HFD STZ)-induced diabetic mice, Serpentine significantly prolonged insulin hypoglycemia, significantly decreased exogenous insulin use, and inhibited endogenous insulin secretion.

Ajmalicine (Raubasine) (Raubasine) is a potent adrenolytic agent which preferentially blocks α1-adrenoceptor. Ajmalicine is an reversible but non-competitive nicotine receptor full inhibitor, IC50 = 72.3 μM. Ajmalicine also can be used as anti-hypertensive, and serpentine, with sedative activity.