pathogen

N-Hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) is a plant metabolite and a systemic acquired resistance (SAR) regulator.

Pyoluteorin is an antibiotic that inhibits Oomycete fungi, including the plant pathogen Pythium ultimum, and suppresses related plant diseases. Additionally, Pyoluteorin induces apoptosis in human triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells in vitro.

3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde shows anti-Candida efficacy and inhibits adhesion and biofilms.

3-Hydroxy-6-methoxyflavone can be used in combination with antibiotics to treat ESKAPE pathogen infections.

Cercosporin, produced by the plant pathogen Cercospora kikuchii and the elsinochromes, is a potent photosensitizer with a short activation wavelength. Cercosporin contains perylene quinone structural features essential for PKC activity (IC50: 0.6-1.3 μM).

4-Amino-L-phenylalanine (4APhe) is a TcCA activator, useful for studying protozoan pathogen infections.

1. Ononin (Formononetin 7-O-glucoside) can inhibit the growth of pathogen. 2. Ononin plays an important role in human nutrition as health promoting natural chemicals and are established to be the beneficial components.

Penicitide A, a marine secondary metabolite, demonstrates moderate cytotoxic effects against the pathogen A. brassicae and the human hepatocellular liver carcinoma (HepG2) cell line [1].

Meliadubin B, a natural triterpenoid, effectively inhibits inflammatory responses by suppressing superoxide anion generation in human neutrophils (EC 50 of 5.54 μM) as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase activity. Additionally, it demonstrates significant antifungal properties against the rice pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, with an IC 50 of 182.50 μM.

Polymyxin E2, a key component of the cationic lipopeptide antibiotic colistin, was originally derived from B. polymyxa and serves as a peptide antibiotic. It exhibits effective antibacterial activity against the plant pathogen X. oryzae, with an EC50 value of 0.21 µg/ml, and has been shown to both prevent and mitigate rice bacterial leaf blight in greenhouse experiments at a dosage of 200 µg/ml.

6,11-Di-O-acetylalbrassitriol is a metabolite produced by Alternaria brassicae, the black spot pathogen of oilseed rape.

Artanin displays promising inhibition against both MSSA and MRSA with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 8-64 ug ml, but very weak against Gram-negative pathogen and yeast with MICs of 256 to ≥1024 ug ml.

Monomethylsulochrin shows antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. It shows moderately inhibitory effects on the human bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori with the MIC value of 28.9+ -0.1 microM.

Penduletin has anti-inflammatory,anti-tumor cells, and anti-bacterical activities,it inhibits growth of the Gram-negative pathogen neisseria gonorrhoeae. Penduletin has strong activity in vitro against EV71 with low cytotoxicity.

Aurofusarin is a secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium graminearum, a prominent fungal pathogen in temperate climate regions that affects major crops. In addition to aurofusarin, Fusarium graminearum synthesizes several other compounds, including monomethylsorbitol, zearalenone C, antibiotic Y, 2-amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol (2-AOD-3-ol), gibberellin, and enniatin.

Difficidin, an antibiotic produced by Bacillus velezensis, exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity by inhibiting protein biosynthesis. It effectively controls plant pathogens such as Erwinia amylovora (the causative agent of orchard fire blight) and Xanthomonas oryzae (a pathogen of rice disease).

Farinomalein A, a maleimide derivative, is isolated from the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces farinosus. It exhibits effective inhibitory activity against soybean pathogen Phytophtora sojae.

Homogentisic acid lactone (Compound 1) is a fungal metabolite with antifungal properties, identified in the fungus WF5. It exhibits inhibitory effects against the plant pathogen F. graminearum. Additionally, homogentisic acid lactone can serve as a substrate for measuring serum paraoxonase aromatic esterase 1 (PON1) activity.