pathogen

HCV-IN-29 is an inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV).

N-Hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) is a plant metabolite and a systemic acquired resistance (SAR) regulator.

ABMA is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of intracellular toxins and pathogens, efficiently protecting cells against various pathogens including viruses, intracellular bacteria, and parasites. ABMA selectively acts on host cell late endosomes rather than targeting the toxin or pathogen itself.

Pyoluteorin is an antibiotic that inhibits Oomycete fungi, including the plant pathogen Pythium ultimum, and suppresses related plant diseases. Additionally, Pyoluteorin induces apoptosis in human triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells in vitro.

Pentamidine is an antifungal and antiprotozoal agent, interacting directly with the pathogen genome by binding to AT-rich regions of duplex DNA and the minor groove of DNA, thereby interfering with DNA replication.

Sulfamethoxazole sodium (Ro 4-2130 sodium) is a sulfonamide bacteriostatic antibiotic.

3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde shows anti-Candida efficacy and inhibits adhesion and biofilms.

Dusquetide aceate is an innate immune defense regulator against damage-associated molecular patterns and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Dusquetide aceate shows anti-inflammation and antibacterial activities.

Pyrimorph is a fungicide with high activity against the plant pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Pyrimorph inhibited different stages in the life cycle of P. capsici including mycelial growth, sporangium production, zoospore release, and cystospore germination with EC(50) values of 1.84, 0.17, 4.92, and 0.09 microg mL(-1), respectively.

Clinafloxacin (CI-960)(PD-127391) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic.

SPR206 is a polymyxin analogue and an important class of antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections due to multidrug resistant Gram-negative pathogen.

Cercosporin, produced by the plant pathogen Cercospora kikuchii and the elsinochromes, is a potent photosensitizer with a short activation wavelength. Cercosporin contains perylene quinone structural features essential for PKC activity (IC50: 0.6-1.3 μM).

Acibenzolar-S-methyl is a plant resistance inducer and salicylic acid analogue that enhances plant disease resistance by activating the production of pathogen-associated proteins in the intercellular spaces of plants, thereby inducing systemic acquired resistance.

Prothioconazole (Proline 480 SC Fungicide) is a chiral triazole fungicide in plant pathogen control.

Ethaboxam is a β-tubulin inhibitor and antifungal agent used against oomycete pathogens.

Lipid A-11 is a lipid component of endotoxin that is primarily responsible for the toxic properties of gram-negative bacteria. Lipid A-11 constitutes the innermost region of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule, also known as endotoxin, and its hydrophobic nature facilitates anchoring of the LPS structure into the bacterial outer membrane. Lipid A-11 plays a critical role in host-pathogen interactions, contributing to septic shock and immunological activation during bacterial infections.

CZP-IN-1 (compound SH-1) is an inhibitor targeting the pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi protease (CZP) without affecting cathepsin L (IC50=28 nM). This compound is applicable in Chagas disease research.

Brassilexin is a cyclobrassinin hydrolase inhibitor, a unique enzyme from the fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicicola.

Clathrin-IN-1 is a selective clathrin inhibitor that acts by addressing clathrin function in cell physiology with potential applications as an inhibitor of virus and pathogen entry and as a modulator of cell signaling.

NEU-1045 is a T. brucei proliferation inhibitor, and is a promising lead with cross-pathogen activity. NEU-1045 inhibited T. brucei, T. cruzi, and L. major proliferation with good potency (T. brucei EC50 = 0.37 μM; T. cruzi EC50 = 2.8 μM; L. major EC50 =

LAI-1 is a regulator of bacterial signaling, modulating gene regulation and cellular responses of eukaryotic cells (amoebae or macrophages) and a variety of processes including pathogen-host cell interactions.

Pneumocysterol is a sterol detected in the opportunistic pathogen Pneumocystis carinii hominis.

HC Toxin is a cell-permeable, reversible inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) (IC50 = 30 nM). Through its effects on HDACs, HC toxin has been shown to up-regulate the expression of 15-lipoxygenase-1 in colorectal cancer cells and induce fetal hemoglobin in human primary erythroid cells. HC Toxin is a cyclic tetrapeptide first isolated from H. carbonum (now C. carbonum), a pathogen of maize.

DCVC inhibits pathogen-stimulated TNF-α in human extra placental membranes in vitro.Target: TNF-αin vitro: DCVC inhibits pathogen stimulated cytokine release from tissue punch cultures. DCVC (5-50 μM) significantly inhibits LTA-, LPS-, and GBS-stimulated cytokine release from tissue cultures as early as 4 h (P ≤ 0.05). In contrast, TCA (up to 500 μM) does not inhibit LTA-stimulated cytokine release from tissue punches. DCVC effects on LTA-stimulated and LPS-stimulated TNF-α release from tissue punch cultures of extraplacental membranes. DCVC effects on GBS-stimulated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from extraplacental membranes in transwell cultures. [1]. Boldenow E, et al. The trichloroethylene metabolite S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine but not trichloroacetate inhibits pathogen-stimulated TNF-α in human extraplacental membranes in vitro. Reprod Toxicol. 2015 Apr;52:1-6. [2]. Lash LH, et al. Multigenerational study of chemically induced cytotoxicity and proliferation in cultures of human proximal tubular cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2014 Nov 18;15(11):21348-65. [3]. Yoo HS, et al. Comparative analysis of the relationship between trichloroethylene metabolism and tissue-specific toxicity among inbred mouse strains: kidney effects. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2015;78(1):32-49.