p. aeruginosa

Lonicerin has antioxidant, anti-arthritic and antifungal activities, it can result in a combination therapy for the treatment of fungal arthritis due to C. albicans infection.

Imipenem monohydrate (Imipenem) is a carbapenem antibiotic isolated from the microorganism Streptomyces cattleya, and is a β lactam antibiotic. Imipenem monohydrate acts on the bacterial cell wall, and is a broadly effective inhibitor of a wide range of Gram-positive and negative bacteria.

6-Hydroxynicotinic acid (6-Hydroxypyridine-3-carboxylic acid) is exploited in the use of NMR spectroscopy or gas chromatography--mass spectrometry for the diagnosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in urinary tract infection. Among the common bacteria causing urinary infection, only P. aeruginosa produces 6-hydroxynicotinic acid from nicotinic acid.

2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-Quinolone (Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal) is a quorum-sensing signalling molecule produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in response to increased cell density. It increases the expression of the lasB gene in P. aeruginosa, the secretion of the metabolites pyocyanin and the lectin PA-IL, as well as increasing biofilm production in P. aeruginosa populations. It also reduces the iron content of the P. aeruginosa growth medium when used at a concentration of 40 μM and acts as an iron chelator in iron sulphate solutions.

Equisetin, an N-methylserine-derived acyl tetramic acid isolated from the terrestrial fungus Fusarium equiseti NRRL 5537, functions as a Quorum-sensing inhibitor (QSI) that specifically attenuates QS-regulated virulence phenotypes in P. aeruginosa, presenting a potent lead for treating P. aeruginosa infections without hindering bacterial growth. This tetramate-containing natural product possesses antibiotic and cytotoxic properties, effectively inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and HIV-1 integrase activity, yet it does not impact Gram-negative bacteria.

Antibacterial synergist 2, functioning as a biofilm inhibitor, demonstrates inhibitory effects against pathogens such as S. enterica, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. This compound is applicable in research concerning biofilm-forming pathogens.

Angustifoline is a natural alkaloid isolated from Lupinus angustifolius L., exhibiting antimicrobial and anticancer properties. It inhibits the growth of various bacteria(S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and B. thuringiensis) and induces autophagy and apoptosis in human colon cancer cells.

Isoapetalic acid and apetalic acid exhibit cytotoxic activities towards both cancer cell lines(human breast cancer (MCF-7) and human lung carcinoma (A-549) cell lines) and both Gram-positive bacteria(two Gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus and B. subtilis a

Terpendole I is a fungal metabolite that has been found in A. yamanashiensis.1 It is a weak inhibitor of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT; IC50 = 145 μM) and is active against the bacteria B. cereus and B. subtilis (MICs = 100 μg/ml for both) but not S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, or K. pneumoniae (MICs = >200 μg/ml for all) or the fungus C. albicans (MIC = 200 μg/ml).1,2 It is cytotoxic to HeLa cells with an IC50 value of 52.6 μM.3 |1. Tomoda, H., Tabata, N., Yang, D.-J., et al. Terpendoles, novel ACAT inhibitors produced by Albophoma yamanashiensis. III. Production, isolation and structure elucidation of new components. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 48(8), 793-804 (1995).|2. Zhao, J.-C., Wang, Y.-L., Zhang, T.-Y., et al. Indole diterpenoids from the endophytic fungus Drechmeria sp. as natural antimicrobial agents. Phytochemistry 148, 21-28 (2018).|3. Nagumo, Y., Motoyama, T., Hayashi, T., et al. Structure-activity relationships of terpendole E and its natural derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2(4), 1533-1536 (2017).

Ocotillone has potent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, P. aeruginosa and S. typhimurium, that are without hemolytic activity, whereas it has weak antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Ocotillone shows only

Angustifoline hydrochloride, an alkaloid derived from Lupinus angustifolius L. extract, demonstrates antimicrobial efficacy, potentially exhibiting bacteriostatic effects against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and B. thuringiensis [1].

HQNO is a natural product isolated from P. aeruginosa,and is a potent inhibitor of electron transport chain(Kd of 64 nM for complex III). It also is a potent mitochondrial NDH-2 inhibitorin many species.

Polymyxin E1, a peptide antibiotic and key component of the cationic lipopeptide antibiotic colistin, was initially extracted from B. polymyxa. It demonstrates effectiveness against P. aeruginosa and E. coli, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 2 µg/ml and 0.8 µg/ml, respectively.

Norchelerythrine shows significant inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 with MIC values ranging from 12.5 to 50 ug mL. It exhibits strong antifeeding activity in a concentration-dependant manner with the EC50 of 62.67 ppm.

Epitaraxerol (Isotaraxerol) is an antifungal natural product with moderate antibacterial activity against Candida albicans.

Clazamycin A, a microbial metabolite and antibiotic derived from Streptomyces, exhibits efficacy against several bacteria, namely S. aureus, B. anthracis, B. subtilis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 100, 6.25, 100, 50, and 25 µg/ml, respectively.

Preterramide C is a fungal metabolite that has been found inA. terreus.1It is active againstS. aureus(MIC = 52.4 μM) but notE. aerogenes,P. aeruginosa, orC. albicans(MICs = >100 μM for all).2Preterramide C inhibits the growth of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells with an IC50value of 0.1 μg/ml.3It also inhibits nitric oxide (NO) production induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells (IC50= 5.48 μM).

Polymyxin B2, a significant component of polymyxin B, is an antibiotic cationic lipopeptide initially derived from B. polymyxa. This compound effectively inhibits P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, and E. cloacae strains, exhibiting minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1-2, 0.5-1, 0.25-0.5, and 0.25-1 µg/ml, respectively. Notably, in a mouse model of P. aeruginosa bloodstream infection, administration of polymyxin B2 at a dosage of 4 mg/kg has been shown to decrease the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) in the blood.

Shoreic acid exhibits antibacterial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and B. subtilis with activity indices (AI) of 0.2, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.4, respectively, it also shows antifungal activity against C. albicans and T. mentagrophytes with AI

Neohydroxyaspergillic acid is a fungal metabolite produced by A. sclerotiorum that has antibiotic and antifungal activities. It inhibits the growth of P. aeruginosa, M. smegmatis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, B. mycoides, and B. subtilis bacteria (MICs = 125-500 μg/ml). Neohydroxyaspergillic acid also inhibits the growth of G. convolute, S. consortiale, P. blakesleeanus, C. globosum, and T. mentagrophytes (MICs = 175-700 μg/ml) but not A. niger, P. notatum, M. verrucaria, or S. cerevisiae fungi.

Hirsutide is a cyclotetrapeptide fungal metabolite produced by the entomopathogenic fungus Hirsutella. It has antibacterial activity against C. pyogenes, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumonia (MICs = 25, 13, 6, and 21 μg/cm3, respectively). Hirsutide also has antifungal activity against C. albicans, M. audouinii, A. niger, and Ganoderma (MICs = 13, 6, 25, and 6 μg/cm3, respectively).

MOSLOFLAVONE showed promising anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of TNF-α and IL-1β with IC50 values of 0.71 μM and 7.8 μM, respectively.