injury

Colivelin is a neuroprotective peptide and activator of STAT3. Colivelin is a hybrid peptide synthesized to enhance the neuroprotective effects of humanin (HN).

Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is an endogenous transnitrosation donor involved in S-nitrosation of a variety of cellular proteins. GSNO, an exogenous NO donor and substrate of rat alcohol dehydrogenase class III isoenzyme, inhibits cerebral angiotensin II-dependent and -independent AT1 receptor responses.

N-Oleoyl valine is an endogenous N-acyl amine that acts as an antagonist at the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 3 (TRPV3) receptor, which is involved in thermoregulation. N-Oleoyl valine is increased in mice following cold exposure for up to at least 16 days. Acute lung injury in mice increases the concentration of N-Oleoyl valine in lung tissue. N-acyl amines also promote mitochondrial uncoupling.

Peptide5 acetate reduces animal swelling, astrogliosis, and neuronal cell death after spinal cord injury. Peptide5 acetate significantly reduces the degree of spinal cord injury (SCI) in a rodent ex vivo model.

Rusalatide acetate (TP508 amide acetate), a regenerative peptide, mitigates radiation-induced gastrointestinal injury by activating stem cells and preserving mucosal integrity.

SN50 is a cell permeable NF-κB translocation inhibitor.

Tat-NR2B9c (NA-1) is a postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) inhibitor with neuroprotective and antiepileptic effects.Tat-NR2B9c inhibits PSD-95d2, PSD-95d1, and PSD-95, which prevents the activation of NMDA-induced NADPH oxidase in neurons, thereby blocking the production of superoxide, which reduces ischemic injury in the acute phase after stroke.

Trofinetide (NNZ-2566) is a synthetic analog of the endogenous N-terminus tripeptide. It has been shown to be neuroprotective in animal models of brain injury.

Cyclosporin H (CsH), a specific inhibitor of FPR1, inhibited lung inflammation in the ALI models. CsH significantly attenuated MTDs or NFP-induced inflammatory lung injury and activation of MAPK and AKT pathways. Cyclosporin H is a viral transduction enha

Z-LEHD-FMK is a selective and potent caspase-9 inhibitor that protects against reperfusion injury and slows apoptosis. Z-LEHD-FMK exhibits antitumor and neuroprotective activity, increases the yield of in vitro-produced preimplantation embryos of [Bubalus bubalis], and alters the cellular stress response.

Aclerastide is an angiotensin receptor agonist. Administration of Aclerastide reduced fibrosis and scarring in the healing wounds. This action was more pronounced with longer administration of the peptide after injury. The action of this peptide was block

Teduglutide (ALX-0600) is a glucagon-like peptide-2 analog that increases intestinal absorption by promoting mucosal growth and reducing mucosal degradation, improving intestinal recovery. It is used in the study of short bowel syndrome (SBS). Teduglutide activates NR4a1/nur77 expression and FXR signaling, alleviating intestinal dysfunction in mice and improving lung injury, making it useful for studying metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

Pro-Adrenomedullin(153-185),human, (C143H224N42O43), a peptide with the sequence H2N-SLPEAGPGRTLVSSKPQAHGAPAPPSGSAPHFL-OH, MW= 3219.6. Adrenomedullin (AM) is a ubiquitously expressed peptide initially isolated from phaechromyctoma in 19931. AM was initially identified as a vasodilator, some have cited this as the most potent endogenous vasodilatory peptide found in the body2. Differences in opinion regarding the ability of AM to relax vascular tone arises from the differences in the model system used3. Other effects of AM include increasing the tolerance of cells to oxidative stress and hypoxic injury and angiogenesis. AM is seen as a positive influence in diseases such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other cardiovascular diseases, whereas it can be seen as a negative factor in potentiating the potential of cancerous cells to extend their blood supply and cause cell proliferation.

Antileukinate is a synthetic hexapeptide with an acetylated amino terminus and an amidated carboxyl terminus that inhibits the binding of CXC chemokines to the chemokine receptor CXCR2. It inhibits IL-8 binding to neutrophils (Ki = 2.7-13 μM), prevents neutrophil chemotaxis and β-glucuronidase release, and blocks IL-8-induced skin edema in rabbits. At 53 mg/kg, antileukinate has been shown to protect mice against acute pancreatitis and associated lung injury.

Connexin43 mimetic peptide. Reduces swelling, astrogliosis, neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death following spinal cord injury ex vivo and in vivo. Exhibits analgesic effects in models of neuropathic pain. O'Carroll et al (2008) Connexin 43 mimetic peptides reduce swelling, astrogliosis and neuronal cell death after spinal cord injury. Cell.Commun.Adhes. 15 27 PMID:18649176 |Mao et al (2017) Characterisation of Peptide5 systemic administration for treating traumatic spinal cord injured rats. Exp.Brain.Res. 235 3033 PMID:28725925 |Kim et al (2017) Characterising the mode of action of extracellular Connexin43 channel mimetic peptides in an in vitro ischemia injury model. Biochem.Biophys.Acta. 1861 68 PMID:27816754 |Tonkin et al (2017) Attenuation of mechanical pain hypersensitivity by treatment with Peptide5, a connexin-43 mimetic peptide, involves inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome in nerve-injured mice. Exp.Neurol. 300 1 PMID:29055716

Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Val) is a metabolite of the sponge bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. NJ6-3-1, capable of autoinducing the production of antibacterial substances active against S. aureus at low cell density. It induces neurite outgrowth and branching of chick cortical neurons in vitro at concentrations of 16 and 32 μM, increases phosphorylation of the PI3K substrate Akt, and this induction can be blocked by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Additionally, it enhances axon sprouting of calcitonin gene-related protein positive (CGRP+) primary afferents in the spinal cord post-crush injury and of serotonin neurons in the uninjured spinal cord. Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Val) is also a bitter taste component of cocoa and roasted coffee.

Z-LEHD-FMK TFA is a specific and irreversible inhibitor of caspase-9, providing protection against detrimental reperfusion injury and moderating apoptosis, with demonstrated neuroprotective potential in a rat model of spinal cord trauma.

AMY-101 acetate (Cp40 acetate) is a cyclic peptide, an inhibitor of C3 Complement and an immunomodulator used in the treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis, which significantly reduces inflammation and lowers MMP-8 and MMP-9 levels.AMY-101 acetate also have a palliative effect on covid -19-induced lung inflammation injury and SARS-COV-2-related acute kidney injury in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Dalargin, a potent δ-opioid receptor agonist, demonstrates efficacy in mitigating cell death induced by Gentamicin and exhibits nephroprotective effects against Gentamicin-induced kidney injury. Additionally, Dalargin possesses antiulcer activity [1] [2] [3].

Delcasertib (KAI-9803) hydrochloride, a potent and selective δ-protein kinase C (δPKC) inhibitor, shows promise in reducing ischemia and reperfusion injury in animal models of acute myocardial infarction (MI) [1] [2].

Ac-FEID-CMK, a potent peptide inhibitor derived from zebrafish-specific GSDMEb, effectively reduces mortality and kidney injury during septic shock by inhibiting pyroptosis and mitigating acute kidney injury (AKI) in vivo. Additionally, it suppresses the caspy2-mediated noncanonical inflammasome pathway [1].

Ac-FEID-CMK TFA is a selective zebrafish GSDMEb-derived peptide inhibitor that reduces mortality and renal injury in infectious shock. It inhibits pyroptosis in vivo, attenuates septic AKI (acute kidney injury), and inhibits the caspy2-mediated atypical inflammatory vesicle pathway.

Hepcidin-25 (human), an iron metabolism modulator, exhibits both anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity through the modulation of iron-mediated oxidant injury [1].

Arginyl-Glutamine (Arg-Gln) is a dipeptide nutritional supplement that protects against hyperoxic lung injury in neonatal mice, reducing VEGF levels and inhibiting retinal neovascularization in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy, also alleviating lung injury in neonatal mice.