indoxyl sulfate

Indoxyl sulfate is a metabolite of tryptophan, showing adverse effects on bones and the central nervous system, having been most frequently implicated as a contributor to renal disease progression and vascular disease

Indoxyl sulfate-d5 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of indoxyl sulfate by GC- or LC-MS. Indoxyl sulfate is a uremic toxin and a metabolite of tryptophan. It is formed via sulfation of indole, an intermediate generated from tryptophan by intestinal bacteria, by the sulfotransferase (SULT) isoform 1A1 variant 2 (SULT1A1*2) in the liver. Indoxyl sulfate activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in HepG2 40 6 hepatoma cells (EC50 = 12.1 nM in a reporter assay). It also inhibits the organic anion transporter (OAT) isoforms OAT1 and OAT3 (Kis = 34.2 and 74.4 µM, respectively for the rat transporters) in S2 proximal tubule cells. Indoxyl sulfate (0.2 and 1 mM) increases superoxide anion and nitric oxide levels in isolated human mononuclear blood cells. It increases serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in the 5 6 nephrectomized rat model of chronic renal failure when administered at a dose of 50 mg kg.

AZ1366 is a potent tankyrase inhibitor that enhances irinotecan activity in tumors that exhibit elevated tankyrase and irinotecan resistance. Combination AZ1366 and irinotecan achieved greater anti-tumor effects compared to monotherapy. Activity was limited to CRC explants that displayed irinotecan resistance and increased protein levels of tankyrase and NuMA.

Indican (Indoxyl-β-D-glucoside) is a natural protective compound that is used to protect the liver.

Simvastatin acid (Tenivastatin) calcium hydrate is an orally active inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) and also inhibits indoxyl sulfate-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.

Potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate (Potassium 3-indoxyl sulfate) is an agonist for the human Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), a key regulator of immune-inflammatory conditions. A metabolite of tryptophan derived from dietary protein, it is produced by intestinal bacteria and metabolized in the liver. In chronic kidney disease patients with impaired renal function, it accumulates in serum as a uremic toxin, inducing oxidative stress and accelerating disease progression. At 250 μM, it activates NF-Κb, promoting TGF-β1 and Smad3 expression in rat proximal tubular cells, which is associated with profibrotic activity.