hepatotoxicity

Tacrine (CS 12602) is an indirect cholinergic agonist and centrally acting anticholinesterase. It is approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Dibenamine hydrochloride is a competitive and irreversible blocker of the β-adrenergic receptor.

Methimazole (Thiamazole) is an antithyroid compound with significant hepatotoxicity and is often used in the study of hyperthyroidism.

Perphenazine (Trilafon) is a phenothiazine derivative and a dopamine antagonist with antiemetic and antipsychotic properties.

Trovafloxacin, a broad-spectrum quinolone antibiotic, exhibits potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria.

Trovafloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits the activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes involved in DNA replication. It also acts as an effective and specific inhibitor of the pannexin 1 channel (PANX1, IC50 = 4 μM).

UTL-5g (3-Isoxazolecarboxamide, N-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-) is a novel potential chemoprotective agent, TNF-α inhibitor that reduces cisplatin-induced side effects including nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and hematotoxicity. It lowers elevated levels of AST, ALT, creatinine, BUN, and TNF-α, increases the reduced platelet count in mice, and acts as a novel chemo- and radioprotective agent.

Tienilic Acid is a uricosuric diuretic with certain hepatotoxicity

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride is a well-established experimental toxin that induces liver injury primarily by generating free radicals and depleting UTP nucleotides, and it can be used to establish lipopolysaccharide D-Galactosamine-induced hepatitis or acute liver injury models.

Fullerene-C60 is a potent free radical scavenger with a wide range of bioactivities that can attenuate liver injury and hepatotoxicity, and improve intestinal flora structure and lipid homeostasis.

Cholesteryl Hemisuccinate (Cholesterol hydrogen succinate) is a highly soluble cholesterol analogue often used in polar solutions for its hepatoprotective, anticancer and tumour growth inhibiting properties. Cholesteryl Hemisuccinate inhibits the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen and prevents AAP-induced apoptosis and necrosis in hepatocytes. Cholesteryl Hemisuccinate inhibits DNA polymerase and DNA topoisomerase, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair as well as cell division.

2,4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone can effectively protect C57BL 6J mice from APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Its mechanisms might be associated with its Antioxidant activity.

1. Cornuside (Comuside) has immunomodulatory activity . 2. Cornuside suppresses expression levels of cytokine-induced proinflammatory and adhesion molecules in the human endothelial cells. 3. Cornuside can treat myocardial I R and protect the liver from CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity, by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing inflammatory responses. 4. Cornuside has anti-inflammatory activity by downregulations of iNOS and COX-2 due to NF-κB inhibition as well as the negative regulation of ERK1 2, p38, and JNK1 2 phosphorylations in RAW 264.7 cells. 5. Cornuside has protective potential against cerebral ischemic injury, may be due to the suppression of intracellular Ca(2+) elevation and caspase-3 activity, and improvements in mitochondrial energy metabolism and antioxidant properties.

D-Isofloridoside, a polysaccharide precursor, exhibits free radical scavenging activity and inhibits both ROS expression and the enzymes MMP-2 and MMP-9.

Triptotriterpenic acid A, a natural product isolated from *Tripterygium wilfordii*,

Compound 27b, also known as hURAT1 inhibitor 1, is an isomarine-derived, orally active inhibitor that targets both hURAT1 and GLUT9 with IC50 values of 0.16 μM and 4.47 μM, respectively. This compound exhibits significant anti-hyperuricemia effects and has demonstrated potent uric acid-lowering activity in a hyperuricemia mouse model at a dose of 10 mg kg. Importantly, Compound 27b displays no notable in vitro cytotoxicity or in vivo hepatotoxicity, and possesses favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics.

MC1, an effective NLRP3 inhibitor, exhibits a KD value of 19.3 nM and is devoid of cytotoxicity. This compound enhances cognitive function without causing adverse effects and exhibits no hepatotoxicity. MC1 holds potential for research in Alzheimer's disease.

CP-199331, a cysLT1 receptor antagonist, demonstrates equivalent potency to commercially available cysLT1 receptor antagonists zafirlukast and pranlukast. It shows favorable pharmacokinetic properties in both rats and monkeys, and unlike CP-85,958, no hepatotoxicity has been observed in monkeys.

Senkirkin is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid with hepatotoxicity.

CP-199330 is a cysteyl LT1 receptor antagonist with no hepatotoxicity and is equivalent to the commercially available CYSLT1 receptor antagonists Zafirlukast and Pranlukas.

N-Nitrosofenfluramine is a compound that is thought to cause hepatotoxicity in subjects.

4-hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide (4-OOH-CY) is an active metabolite of Cyclophosphamide that induces hepatotoxicity.4-Hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide increases levels of glutaminase and aspartate aminotransferase, enhances inflammatory factors and oxidative markers, and Inhibits oxidoreductase activity.4-Hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide is used in the study of cancer and autoimmune diseases.

(E,Z)-2-propyl-2-Pentenoic acid is a bioactive metabolite of valproic acid that exhibits the same profile and potency of anticonvulsant activity in animal models as its parent compound without any observed teratogenicity and hepatotoxicity.

CAY10704 is a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (EC50 = 17 nM) that displays low cytotoxicity of virally-infected human hepatoma Huh7.5.1 cells (CC50 = 21.3 μM). It displays good pharmacokinetics in mice when delivered intraperitoneally, with preferential liver distribution without significant hepatotoxicity. CAY10704 is selective for HCV over dengue virus (EC50 = 4.62 μM).