hepatotoxicity

Tacrine (CS 12602) is an indirect cholinergic agonist and centrally acting anticholinesterase. It is approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride (D-Galactosamine HCl) hepatotoxicity is associated with endotoxin sensitivity and mediated by lymphoreticular cells in mice.

2,4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone can effectively protect C57BL 6J mice from APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Its mechanisms might be associated with its Antioxidant activity.

Silybin is a flavonoid from Silybum that inhibits P-glycoprotein-assisted extracellular efflux, inhibits cytochrome P450 enzymes, has the advantage of being well-tolerated, can be used as an adjunctive treatment for hepatotoxicity and chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in cosmetic applications, as well as being capable of blocking the MCT8 transporter protein.

1. Cornuside (Comuside) has immunomodulatory activity . 2. Cornuside suppresses expression levels of cytokine-induced proinflammatory and adhesion molecules in the human endothelial cells. 3. Cornuside can treat myocardial I R and protect the liver from CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity, by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing inflammatory responses. 4. Cornuside has anti-inflammatory activity by downregulations of iNOS and COX-2 due to NF-κB inhibition as well as the negative regulation of ERK1 2, p38, and JNK1 2 phosphorylations in RAW 264.7 cells. 5. Cornuside has protective potential against cerebral ischemic injury, may be due to the suppression of intracellular Ca(2+) elevation and caspase-3 activity, and improvements in mitochondrial energy metabolism and antioxidant properties.

1. Diosbulbin B exhibits potential hepatotoxicity. 2. Diosbulbin B has potential anti-tumor effects which may be related to influencing the immune system for the first time.

Senkirkin is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid with hepatotoxicity.

1. Kamebakaurin (Kamebakaurine) has the ability to protect the liver from APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, presumably by both inhibiting the inflammatory response and oxidative stress. 2. Kamebakaurin inhibits the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and its target genes to confer antitumor activity. 3. Kamebakaurin has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities through direct inhibition of DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p50.4. Kamebakaurin has anti-neuroinflammatory activity via inhibition of c-Jun NH -terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in activated microglial cells.

Compound 6, known as Heilaohuguosu F, is a tetrahydrofuranolignan demonstrating weak hepatoprotective properties. It exhibits a mild protective effect against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells.

Glomeratide A, a benzophenone C-glucoside, exhibits hepatoprotective properties and safeguards rat liver epithelial stem-like cells from d-galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity.

Andrographiside shows protective effects on hepatotoxicity induced in mice by carbon tetrachloride or tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP) intoxication, the effects could be due to its glucoside groups which may act as strong antioxidants.

Dihydroisotanshinone I has protective action against menadione-induced hepatotoxicity, attributed to its antioxidant properties including the free radical scavenging activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation.

Triptotriterpenic acid A, a natural product isolated from *Tripterygium wilfordii*,

Celosin L, a triterpenoid saponin, demonstrates hepaprotective activity and exerts protective effects against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells [1].

1. Cistanoside A possesses protective activities on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in mice, which is involved with increasing free radicals clearing activities, alleviating lipid-overoxidation damage, and improving respiratory chain function in mitochondria.

Diosbulbin C has hepatotoxicity.

Saikosaponin D is a novel SERCA inhibitor by inhibiting NF-κB and STAT3 signaling to protect against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity.

Ganodermanondiol exhibits potent cytoprotective effects on t-BHP-induced hepatotoxicity in human liver-derived HepG2 cells, presumably through Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes and AMPK.

Meliasenin B may cause hepatotoxicity, it displays dose-dependent toxicity on HepG2 cells.

Homopterocarpin and Pterocarpus extract offer gastroprotection against indomethacin- induced ulcer by antioxidative mechanism and the modulation of gastric homeostasis, homopterocarpin may be responsible for, or contribute to the antiulcerogenic property

Microcystin-WR, a hepatotoxic metabolite derived from cyanobacteria, has been demonstrated to induce hepatotoxicity in mice [1].

1. Alisol B 23-acetate (Alisol B Acetate) produces protective effect against ANIT-induced hepatotoxity and cholestasis, due to FXR-mediated regulation of transporters and enzymes. 2. Alisol B 23-acetate produces promotive effect on liver regeneration, due to FXR-mediated regulation of genes involved in hepatocyte proliferation and hepato-protection. 3. Alisol B 23-acetate produces a protective effect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, due to FXR and STAT3-mediated gene regulation.

9-Oxo-10,11-dehydroageraphorone has acaricidal activity. It induces hepatotoxicity and cholestasis in rats. 9-Oxo-10,11-dehydroageraphorone also effectively inhibits the proliferation of HeLa cells by arresting the cell cycle transition from S to G2 M pha

Celosin H, celosin I, and celosin J could be used as chemical markers for the quality control of C. argentea seeds. Celosin I exhibited significant hepatoprotective effect on carbon tetrachloride-induced and N,N-dimethylformamide-induced hepatotoxicity in