fungicidal

Phenothiazine (ENT 38) is a class of agents exhibiting antiemetic, antipsychotic, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic activities. Phenothiazines antagonize the dopamine D2-receptor in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the brain, potentially preventing chemotherapy-induced emesis.

Hexetidine (NSC-17764) is a bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene.

Naftifine Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of naftifine, an allylamine derivate with synthetic broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Although the exact mechanism through which naftifine hydrochloride exerts its effect is unknown, it appears to selectively inhibit the enzyme squalene 2, 3-epoxidase, thereby inhibiting the biosynthesis of sterol. This results in a decreased amount of sterols, especially ergosterol which is the primary fungal membrane sterol, and a corresponding accumulation of squalene in fungal cells. Naftifine hydrochloride (Naftifine HCl) can be fungicidal as well as fungistatic to yeasts depending on the concentration and the organisms involved.

DDAC (Quaternium 12), also known as Didecyldimethylammonium chloride, is a dialkyl-quaternary ammonium compound widely utilized in various products due to its bactericidal, virucidal, and fungicidal characteristics.

Taurolidine is a synthetic taurine analog with antimicrobial and anti-neoplastic actions. It displays broad bactericidal and fungicidal activity.

Oxiconazole is a broad-spectrum imidazole antifungal agent with fungicidal activity against T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, T. violaceum, E. floccosum, M. canis, M. audouini, M. gypseum, C. albicans, and M. furfur. have fungicidal activity, inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis and disrupting fungal cell membrane integrity by disrupting cytochrome P450 enzymes (lanosterol 14- α demethylase). It also inhibits DNA synthesis and suppresses intracellular ATP concentration.

Lariciresinol is an enterolignan precursor, it possesses fungicidal activities by disrupting the fungal plasma membrane and therapeutic potential as a novel antifungal agent for the treatment of fungal infectious diseases in humans. Dietary lariciresinol

Sulbentine (Dibenzthione) is an antifungal agent.

Fluindapyr is a broad-spectrum, chiral pyrazoleamide fungicide classified as a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHIs). It exhibits a wide range of fungicidal activities and demonstrates effective results. In vitro studies show that Fluindapyr is effective against M. incognita, and its application in cucumbers has been shown to promote growth.

Flufenoxadiazam is a fungicide known for its potent fungicidal activity, particularly effective against soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) and wheat leaf rust (Puccinia triticina).

Flubeneteram (Flu) is a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) that demonstrates potent fungicidal activity against F. graminearum.

Bc1 Complex-IN-1 (compound 12g) is a potent inhibitor of the bc1 complex, demonstrating fungicidal properties against cucumber downy mildew (CDM).

Antifungalagent 125 (compound 4H) is a potent succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibitor with an IC50 of 3.59 μg mL and exhibits fungicidal activity against Alternaria alternata.

HDAC-IN-87 (Compound XII6) is a non-selective HDAC inhibitor with pIC50 values of 6.9 for HDAC4 and 5.8 for HDAC6. It exhibits fungicidal activity against P. sorghi and P. pachyrhizi. The acute oral LD50 in both male and female rats is greater than 500 mg kg.

Pecilocin is a fungicidal antibiotic generated by Paecilomyces varioti Bainier var. antibioticus.

β-Defensin-4 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It induces migration of monocytes in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 nM but does not affect migration of neutrophils and eosinophils. β-Defensin-4 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes. It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-4 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cells in vivo following a 500 ng intradermal dose. It also inhibits growth of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus with lethal concentration (LC) values of 5, 12, and 15 μM, respectively, of S. carnosus (MIC = 4.5 μg/ml), and of C. albicans with a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) value of 7.5 μM.

Gliovirin is a fungal metabolite that has been found inT. harzianumand has fungicidal, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities.1It is active against the plant pathogenic fungusP. ultimum(MIC = 60 ng/ml) and the parasiteT. brucei brucei(IC50= 90 ng/ml), but has no effect on the plant pathogenic fungiR. solani,P. omnivorum,T. basicola,R. arrhizus, andV. dahliaeor the bacteriaB. thuringiensis,P. fluorescens, andX. malvacearumwhen used at concentrations up to 1,000 ng/ml.2,3Gliovirin decreases phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA)- and ionomycin-induced increased expression of COX-2 (IC50= 1 μM) and protein levels of IL-2 in Jurkat cells (IC50= 5.2 μM).1 1.Rether, J., Serwe, A., Anke, T., et al.Inhibition of inducible tumor necrosis factor-α expression by the fungal epipolythiodiketopiperazine gliovirinBiol. Chem.388(6)627-637(2007) 2.Howell, C.R., and Stipanovic, R.D.Gliovirin, a new antibiotic from Gliocladium virens, and its role in the biological control of Pythium ultimumCan. J. Microbiol.29(3)321-324(1983) 3.Iwatsuki, M., Otoguro, K., Ishiyama, A., et al.In vitro antitrypanosomal activity of 12 low-molecular-weight antibiotics and observations of structure/activity relationshipsJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)63(10)619-622(2010)

O-11 is an analog of the fully saturated, 14-carbon fatty acid myristic acid, in which the methylene group at position 11 is replaced with oxygen. It is highly effective and selective at killingTrypanosoma brucei, the protozoan parasite responsible for African sleeping sickness, exhibiting an LD50of less than 1 μM in a cell culture assay.1,2The toxic effects of O-11 appear to be caused by its ability to inhibit the incorporation of a single myristate into the GPI anchor of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), a protein critical for evading the host immune response.1O-11 exhibits essentially no anti-fungal activity when assayed usingC. neoformans, but does have a minor inhibitory effect on HIV-1 replication in T-lymphocytes.3 1.Doering, T.L., Raper, J., Buxbaum, L.U., et al.An analog of myristic acid with selective toxicity for African trypanosomesScience2521851-1854(1991) 2.Doering, T.L., Lu, T., Werbovetz, K.A., et al.Toxicity of myristic acid analogs toward African trypanosomesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America919735-9739(1994) 3.Langner, C.A., Lodge, J.K., Travis, S.J., et al.4-Oxatetradecanoic acid is fungicidal for Cryptococcus neoformans and inhibits replication of human immunodeficiency virus IThe Journal of Biological Chemisty267(24)17159-17169(1992)

Sphinganine is a synthetic bioactive sphingolipid that inhibits the growth of C. glabrata and C. albicans with a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) value of 0.5 μg/ml for both. More commonly, sphinganine is used as an internal standard in the analysis of sphingoid compounds by chromatographic or spectrometric methods.

Cymoxanil is a fungicidal against plant diseases caused by fungi belonging to the Perenosporales[1]. [1]. Frederique Tellier , et al. Characterization of Metabolites of Fungicidal Cymoxanil in a Sensitive Strain of Botrytis Cinerea. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Sep 10;56(17):8050-7.

Aspyrone is a polyketide fungal metabolite found in [Aspergillus] with diverse biological activities. It is active against 13 fungi at 20 μg ml and 21 bacteria at 100 μg per disc. Aspyrone (10-1,000 mg L) is nematocidal against [P. penetrans].

Benanomicin A is a microbial metabolite found in Actinomycetes with antifungal, fungicidal, and antiviral activities. It is effective against various mammalian and plant pathogenic fungi, including C. albicans, T. mentagrophytes, C. neoformans, P. oryzae, and A. niger (MICs = 3.13-50 μg ml). Benanomicin A also inhibits HIV-1 viral infection in MT-4 cells in a concentration-dependent manner.

Benanomicin B is a microbial metabolite that has been found inActinomycetesand has antifungal, fungicidal, and antiviral activities.1,2It is active against a variety of mammalian and plant pathogenic fungi, includingC. albicans,T. mentagrophytes,C. neoformans, andP. oryzae(MICs = 1.56-50 μg/ml).1Benanomicin B inhibits HIV-1 viral infection in MT-4 cells in a concentration-dependent manner.2 1.Takeuchi, T., Hara, T., Naganawa, H., et al.New antifungal antibiotics, benanomicins A and B from an actinomyceteJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)41(6)807-811(1987) 2.Kondo, S., Gomi, S., Ikeda, D., et al.Antifungal and antiviral activities of benanomicins and their analoguesJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)44(11)1228-1236(1990)

Y12196, a newly developed succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI), demonstrates potent fungicidal effects specifically targeting F. graminearum.