enzymatic

Malachite green oxalate is a triphenylmethane dye which can be used to detect the release of phosphate in enzymatic reactions.

DHBS (DCHBS) is used in conjunction with 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) and H2O2 for chromogenic quantitation of peroxidase in coupled enzymatic reactions.

PNPG (4-Nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside) is a chromogenic substrate for β-D-glucosidase that, upon enzymatic cleavage, yields a yellow solution.

TMB-PS (TMBZ-PS) is a chromogenic reagent for the detection of hydrogen peroxide e.g. in the enzymatic analysis of body fluids.

Purple-β-D-Gal, a chromogenic β-galactosidase substrate, undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis by intracellular β-galactosidase, yielding indoxyl molecules that oxidize and dimerize in situ to form water-insoluble indigo precipitates advantageous for β-galactosidase activity detection [1].

Prostate Specific Antigen Substrate is a fluorescent substrate specific to prostate-specific antigen (PSA), facilitating the detection of PSA enzymatic activity [1].

N-Acetyl-DL-phenylalanine β-naphthyl ester is a chromogenic substrate for chymotrypsin and microbial serine proteases like subtilisin [1]. This aromatic amino acid ester exhibits color changes upon enzymatic cleavage, facilitating the monitoring of enzyme activity.

Mca-SEVNLDAEFK(Dnp)-NH2 is a fluorogenic substrate featuring a 7-methoxycoumarin moiety whose fluorescence is quenched by the adjacent 2,4-dinitrophenyl group through resonance energy transfer. This compound serves as a probe for assessing peptidase activity; enzymatic cleavage of the amide bond separating the fluorophore and quencher results in increased fluorescence. It is particularly useful for quantifying the activity of BACE-1 [1].

6-Chloro-3-indoxyl-α-D-mannopyranoside serves as a chromogenic substrate for the enzyme α-mannosidase, generating a salmon-colored precipitate upon enzymatic cleavage.

HMRG is a hydroxymethyl rhodamine green fluorescent scaffold featuring an open non-spirocyclic structure. At physiological pH, HMRG undergoes a one-step enzymatic reaction resulting in significant dynamic fluorescence changes, making it suitable for developing various probes. Fluorescent probes based on HMRG can be utilized for detecting diseases such as cancer and diabetic nephropathy.

5(6)-CFDA (5-(6)-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate) is a cell-permeant esterase substrate that can serve as a viability probe that measures both enzymatic activities, which is required to activate its fluorescence, and cell-membrane integrity, which is required for intracellular retention of their fluorescent product.

Naphthol AS-TR Phosphate disodium, a water-soluble dye, serves as an enzymatic substrate in biochemical assays to measure alkaline phosphatase activity. Its unique chemical properties enable hydrolysis by alkaline phosphatase, resulting in a colored product detectable spectrophotometrically. This characteristic renders it valuable for assessing enzyme activity in biological samples, including serum and urine.

Mca-KPLGL-Dap(Dnp)-AR-NH2 serves as a fluorogenic substrate specifically designed for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This compound facilitates the quantification of MMP activity by releasing 7-methoxycoumarin-4-acetyl (Mca) upon enzymatic cleavage by MMPs, which exhibits fluorescence with excitation and emission maxima at 328 nm and 420 nm, respectively.

Z-Gly-Pro-Arg-AMC hydrochloride is a fluorescent substrate used to assay the enzymatic activities of both trypsin and cathepsin K [1] [2].

Sulfo-Cyanine5.5 amine, which consists of four sulfonate groups and is highly hydrophilic, is an amine-containing fluorescent dye. The aliphatic primary amine group can be coupled with various electrophiles (activated esters, epoxides, etc.). Sulfo-Cyanine5.5 amine is utilized in far-red NIR applications (such as in vivo imaging) and enzymatic transamination labeling [1].

FAM amine, 6-isomer, is a fluorescein derivative with an amine group and an isomer of the fluorophore. It can modify biomolecules through enzymatic transamination and its fatty amine groups can react with electrophiles such as activated esters. Additionally, the amine can be conjugated to carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) by reductive amination.

Sulfo-Cyanine5.5 amine potassium is a highly hydrophilic, water-soluble cyanine dye with four sulfonate groups, tailored for far-red near-infrared applications including in vivo imaging. As a member of the cyanine dye family, it exhibits an impressive extinction coefficient, enhancing its brightness as a fluorescent marker in the far-red region. This amine-containing dye features an amine group linked to the fluorophore by a long linker, which aids in conjugation. The aliphatic primary amine groups can be coupled with various electrophiles (activated esters, epoxides, etc.) and are also suitable for enzymatic transamination labeling.

4-Methylumbelliferyl-α-L-fucopyranoside serves as a fluorogenic substrate for α-L-fucosidase, releasing 4-methylumbelliferone (4-ΜU) upon enzymatic cleavage by the enzyme. The fluorescence of 4-ΜU, with excitation emission maxima at 350 440 nm, respectively, allows for the quantification of α-L-fucosidase activity.

Calpain substrate is a membrane non-permeable, fluorogenic compound used in Calpain enzymatic activity assays [1].

AMCA-6-dUTP is suitable for the enzymatic labeling of DNA cDNA [1].

Mca-Lys-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Dap(Dnp)-Ala-Arg-NH2 (FS-6) is a quenched, fluorescent MMP peptide substrate designed for real-time quantification of MMP enzymatic activity. As an extended variant of the MMP substrate (FS-1), it demonstrates increased specificity against collagenases (MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13) and MT1-MMP, with higher specificity constants (Ex Em=325 nm 400 nm). [1]

Abl substrate peptide, a peptide substrate specifically phosphorylated by the tyrosine kinase Abl rather than c-Src kinase at 20 µM, serves to quantify Abl kinase activity in vitro. This selective phosphorylation underscores its utility for measuring Abl's enzymatic function.

BDP R6G amine hydrochloride, a boronic dipyrromethene dye aligned with the rhodamine 6G (R6G) channel, contains an aliphatic amine group as a salt. These amine groups can be conjugated to electrophiles and utilized for enzymatic transamination.

Ac-DNLD-AMC is a fluorogenic caspase-3 substrate. Upon enzymatic cleavage by caspase-3, 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) is released and its fluorescence can be used to quantify caspase-3 activity. AMC displays excitation emission maxima of 340-360 and 440-460 nm, respectively.