developmental

p,p'-DDE (p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) is a metabolite and degradation product of the organochlorine pesticide DDT

Ecdysone is a major steroid hormone in insects and herbs. Ecdysone triggers mineralocorticoid receptor activation and induces cellular apoptosis. Ecdysone signaling through Ecdysone receptor isoform B1 is required cell autonomously for the muscle death.

5-[(1S,2S)-2-[(Cyclopropylmethyl)amino]cyclopropyl]-N-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)thiophene-3-carboxamide hydrochloride is a cyclopropanoid enzyme compound that acts as a lysine-specific demethylase-1 inhibitor for schizophrenia, developmental disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Propoxur (Propoxure) is an insecticide used to control cockroaches, flies, mosquitoes, and lawn and turf insects. Acute (short-term) exposure of humans to propoxur by ingestion leads to cholinesterase inhibition of red blood cells, with mild cholinergic symptoms including blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and tachycardia; however, the effects are transient. Chronic (long-term) inhalation exposure has resulted in depressed cholinesterase levels, headaches, vomiting, and nausea in humans. Chronic ingestion studies in animals have reported depressed cholinesterase levels, depressed body weight, effects to the liver and bladder, and a slight increase in neuropathy. No information is available on the reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of propoxur in humans. Mixed results are available from cancer studies of propoxur in animals. EPA has not classified propoxur for carcinogenicity.

Simazine (Tafazine) is a chlorotriazine herbicide and pesticide. Simazine may lead to testicular degeneration, neuroendocrine disruption, mammary cancer, and fetal developmental delays.

Fenobucarb is a broad-spectrum carbamate insecticide and AChE inhibitor primarily used to control various flukes damaging crops. It exhibits neurotoxicity to zebrafish foetal development and induces muscle spasms and paralysis in insects, fish, and mammals.

Dimethyl phthalate (Fermine) has many uses, including in solid rocket propellants, plastics, and insect repellants. Acute (short-term) exposure to dimethyl phthalate, via inhalation in humans and animals, results in irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. No information is available on the chronic (long-term), reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of dimethyl phthalate in humans. Animal studies have reported slight effects on growth and on the kidney from chronic oral exposure to the chemical. EPA has classified dimethyl phthalate as a Group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

3,5,6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) is a primary metabolite of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-Me, with potential developmental toxicity.

2-Bromoacetamide (α-Bromoacetamide) is an emerging unregulated disinfection by-product showing developmental toxicity in animals. It inactivates alcohol dehydrogenase.

Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (Minaline) was first identified as a degradation product of sialic acids, then as a derivative of the oxidation of the D-hydroxyproline isomers by mammalian D-amino acid oxidase. The latter relationship results from the lability of the direct oxidation product, A'-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylic acid, which loses water spontaneously to form the pyrrole. A similar reaction is catalyzed by the more specific allohydroxy-D-proline oxidase of Pseudomonas. In whole animal observations, pyrrole-2-carboxylate (PCA) ' was identified in rat or human urine after administration of the D-isomers of hydroxyproline, a finding ascribable to the action of D-amino acid oxidase. Urinary excretion of N-(pyrrole-2-carboxyl) glycine has been reported in a 5-year-old affected with type II hyperprolinemia; The child has mild developmental delay, recurrent seizures of the grand mal type and EEG alterations.

Increased levels of erucic acid (22:1n9) have been found in the red blood cell membranes of autistic subjects with developmental regression (PMID: 16581239 ). Erucic acid (13(Z)-Docosenoic Acid) is broken down long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase, which is produced in the liver. This enzyme breaks this long chain fatty acid into shorter-chain fatty acids. human infants have relatively low amounts of this enzyme and because of this, babies should not be given foods high in erucic acid. Erucic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

Bisphenol A is an endogenous metabolic compound of phenols and is widely used in the production of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics. It is reproductive, developmental and systemic toxicant and is often classified as an endocrine disruptor. It has been linked to many diseases, including respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney disease, obesity and reproductive disorders.

Abscisic Acid (Dormin) is a plant hormone, which is involved in many plant developmental processes, modulates ion homeostasis and metabolism, and inhibits germination and seedling growth.

2-Bromobiphenyl is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) found primarily in soil and water. It is a known human carcinogen and has been linked to a variety of health effects including reproductive and developmental toxicity.

(R,R)-Glycopyrrolate is an agent of anticholinergic, has the ability to reduce the frequency of drooling in vivo with developmental disabilities.

CI-943 is a novel potential antipsychotic drug that does not bind to dopamine (DA) receptors and has some developmental neurotoxicity.

Quizalofop, a chlorophenoxy and phenoxy herbicide, selectively controls grasses via acetyl-CoA-carboxylase inhibition. While widely used in agriculture, Quizalofop has been associated with developmental and cardiac toxicity in zebrafish embryos.

CDA-IN-3 (NCDI) is a chitin deacetylase (CDA) inhibitor with antiparasitic properties. It disrupts chitin metabolism in nematodes, increasing ROS levels within these organisms and causing cellular damage. CDA-IN-3 significantly inhibits all developmental stages of Caenorhabditis elegans and can be utilized in research focused on anti-infective applications.

GHSR-1a agonist-1 (Compound 4b) is an orally active agonist of the human growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR-1a) with an EC50 of 0.49 nM. It effectively stimulates the release of endogenous growth hormone by activating GHSR-1a. Doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg (administered orally) can increase body weight and length in 4-week-old rats. GHSR-1a agonist-1 is applicable in research on pediatric growth and developmental delays.

Almestrone (developmental code names Ba 38372, Ciba 38372), also known as 7α-methylestrone, is a synthetic, steroidal estrogen which was synthesized in 1967 but was never marketed. It is used as a precursor in the synthesis of several highly active steroi

cvxIAA is an orthogonal auxin-TIR1 receptor pair. cvxIAA triggers auxin signaling without interfering with endogenous auxin or TIR1/AFBs. cvxIAA hijacked the downstream auxin signaling in vivo both at the transcriptomic level and in specific developmental

Trimethylolpropane caprate has developmental toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Bulevirtide, also known by its developmental code name Myrcludex B, is a synthetic lipopeptide inhibitor of the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) that effectively inhibits the cellular entry of both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) into hepatocytes, even in cases of compensated cirrhosis, showing significant potential for the treatment of chronic hepatitis D.

Oxazosulfyl is a new sulfonyl insecticide that shows insecticidal activity against all developmental stages of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal).