autonomic

Fipamezole is a potent alpha2 adrenergic receptor antagonist that may be useful for studying autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.

Acipimox (K-9321) is a niacin derivative and nicotinic acid analog with activity as a hypolipidemic agent. Acipimox has special application for the treatment of hyperlipidemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients.

Acetylcholine iodide (Acetylcolina) is a neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

G-31406 HCl has demonstrated an ability to reduce autonomic nervous system activation responses and may have potential use in treating Parkinson's disease.

Acetylcholine bromide is the bromide salt of acetylcholine. It is an neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central ner

Droxidopa (L-DOPS) is an orally available prodrug of norepinephrine that is used in the treatment of symptomatic orthostatic hypotension due to neurogenic causes of autonomic failure.

Amifostine Hydrate is a radiation protective agent that induces splenic vasodilation and blocks autonomic ganglion.

Amifostine sodium is a phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.

Nk-1145 is a parasympathetic drug of the autonomic nervous system, which can cause behavioral stimulation and excitement.

Trimetaphan camsilate is a drug that counteracts cholinergic transmission at the ganglion type of nicotinic receptors of the autonomic ganglia and therefore blocks both the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. It acts as a non-depolarizing competitive antagonist at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, is short-acting, and is given intravenously.

Hexamethonium chloride is a preferential nicotinic receptor blocker at the level of autonomic ganglia. It has been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier only in high doses.

Oxybutynin R-isomer , also known as Aroxybutynin, is a muscarinic receptor antagonist. Aroxybutynin is the optically avtice inhibitor of proliferation and supresses gene expression in bladder smooth muscle cells. Oxybutynin exerts direct antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle and inhibits the muscarinic action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle. It exhibits one-fifth of the anticholinergic activity of atropine on the rabbit detrusor muscle, but four to ten times the antispasmodic activity. No blocking effects occur at skeletal neuromuscular junctions or autonomic ganglia (antinicotinic effects).

Urocortin II, mouse, is a selective and potent endogenous peptide agonist for the type-2 corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF2) receptor, displaying K_i values of 0.66 nM for CRFR2 and >100 nM for CRFR1, signifying its high specificity. It engages CRF2 receptors through mechanisms dependent on cAMP PKA and Ca2+ CaMKII. Additionally, Urocortin II, mouse is localized in specific regions of the central nervous system, influencing central neurons that process visceral sensory information and regulate autonomic functions [1] [2] [3].

Prostaglandin D3 (PGD3) functions as an inhibitor of platelet aggregation and modulates autonomic neurotransmission in humans [1].

Bethanidine sulfate and its ortho-chloro derivative (BW 392C60) are potent adrenergic neuron blockers exhibiting sympathomimetic effects similar to those of bromobenzamine and guanethidine in various animal models, particularly in cats. These compounds inhibit the release of norepinephrine during neural stimulation and enhance the responsiveness of smooth muscle to epinephrine and norepinephrine. Notably, bethanidine sulfate increases the pressor response to tyramine, although this effect diminishes with higher doses. Unlike guanethidine, bethanidine sulfate does not deplete pressor amines in the iris of cats following administration. Additionally, it temporarily suppresses autonomic cholinergic mechanisms and can cause transient neuromuscular paralysis at large doses, contrasting its long-term adrenergic neuron blocking effects.

Nociceptin (1-13), amide is a potent ORL1 (OP4) receptor agonist, exhibiting a pEC50 of 7.9 in mouse vas deferens and a Ki of 0.75 nM for rat forebrain membrane binding.