analgesia

Medetomidine hydrochloride (MPV785) is a selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist, with Ki of 1.08 nM, exhibts 1620-fold selectivity over α1-adrenoceptor.

(+)-BORNEOL (d-Borneol) is a natural bicyclic monoterpene used for analgesia and anesthesia in traditional Chinese medicine; enhances GABA receptor activity with an EC50 of 248 μM.

Flupirtine maleate (Katadolon maleate), a centrally acting non-opioid analgesia, is the salt form of Flupirtine. It is an NMDA receptor antagonist , and also a specific neuronal potassium channel opener.

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (Precedex) is a potent, selective, orally active α2-adrenoceptor agonist with a Ki value of 1.08 nM. It shows 1620-fold selectivity over α1-adrenoceptors. Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (Precedex) can protect against sepsis-induced acute lung injury through anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic effects.

Halothane (Anestan) is a nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required.

Levobupivacaine is an amino-amide local anaesthetic drug belonging to the family of n-alkylsubstituted pipecoloxylidide. It is the S-enantiomer of bupivacaine. Levobupivacaine hydrochloride is commonly marketed by AstraZeneca under the trade name Chirocaine. Compared to bupivacaine, levobupivacaine is associated with less vasodilation and has a longer duration of action. It is approximately 13 per cent less potent (by molarity) than racemic bupivacaine.Levobupivacaine is indicated for local anaesthesia including infiltration, nerve block, ophthalmic, epidural and intrathecal anaesthesia in adults; and infiltration analgesia in children. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are rare when it is administered correctly. Most ADRs relate to administration technique (resulting in systemic exposure) or pharmacological effects of anesthesia, however allergic reactions can rarely occur.

Parecoxib (SC 69124) is an effective and selective COX-2 inhibitor.

Dexmedetomidine is a Central alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonist. The mechanism of action of dexmedetomidine is as an Adrenergic alpha2-Agonist. The physiologic effect of dexmedetomidine is by means of General Anesthesia.

Oxeladin citrate is a highly potent and effective cough suppressant, which can treat all types of cough of various etiologies. It is not related to opium or its derivatives, so treatment with oxeladin is no risk of addiction. And it has none of the side effects (such as hypnosis, respiratory depression, tolerance, constipation and analgesia) which are present when common antitussives. It can used at every age, as well as in patients with heart disease, since it is high level of safety and a great selectivity to act on the bulbar centre of cough.

Dibutyryl-cGMP sodium (Bt2cGMP sodium) is a cell-permeable cGMP analog that preferentially activates cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). It inhibits [3H]-arachidonic acid release in human platelets stimulated by gamma thrombin and can induce peripheral analgesia by activating ATP-sensitive K+ channels.

Methylnaltrexone bromide (MOA-728) is one of the newer agents of peripherally-acting μ-opioid antagonists. Methylnaltrexone bromide acts to reverse some of the side effects of opioid drugs such as constipation without affecting analgesia or precipitating withdrawals.

Org 25543 is the development of an N-Acyl amino acid that selectively inhibits the glycine transporter 2 to produce analgesia in a rat model of chronic pain.

D-Kyotorphin is a synthetic neuropeptide kyotorphin analog that produces naloxone reversible analgesia.

Deltorphin II is a peptide agonist of δ2-opioid receptors.1,2It is selective for δ-opioid receptors over μ- and κ-opioid receptors in radioligand bindings assays (Kis = 0.0033, >1, and >1 μM, respectively) and induces [35S]GTPγS binding in mouse brain membrane preparations (EC50= 0.034 μM). Deltorphin II (0.12 mg/kg) decreases the infarction zone:risk zone ratio in a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by coronary occlusion, an effect that can be reversed by the δ2-opioid receptor antagonist naltriben but not the δ1-opioid receptor antagonist BNTX.3Intrathecal administration of deltorphin II (15 μg/animal) increases latency to withdraw in the paw pressure and tail-flick tests in rats.4 1.Raynor, K., Kong, H., Chen, Y., et al.Pharmacological characterization of the cloned κ-, δ-, and μ-opioid receptorsMol. Pharm.45(2)330-334(1994) 2.Scherrer, G., Befort, K., Contet, C., et al.The delta agonists DPDPE and deltorphin II recruit predominantly mu receptors to produce thermal analgesia: A parallel study of mu, delta and combinatorial opioid receptor knockout miceEur. J. Neurosci.19(8)2239-2248(2004) 3.Maslov, L.N., Barzakh, E.I., Krylatov, A.V., et al.Opioid peptide deltorphin II simulates the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning: role of δ2-opioid receptors, protein kinase C, and KATP channelsBull. Exp. Biol. Med.149(5)591-593(2010) 4.Labuz, D., Toth, G., Machelska, H., et al.Antinociceptive effects of isoleucine derivatives of deltorphin I and deltorphin II in rat spinal cord: A search for selectivity of delta receptor subtypesNeuropeptides32(6)511-517(1998)

KGP-25 is an inhibitor of the voltage-gated sodium channel 1.8 (Nav1.8), utilized for analgesia by targeting the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Additionally, it targets the γ-aminobutyric acid subtype A receptor (GABAA) in the central nervous system (CNS) for use as a general anesthetic.

Solabegron (GW-427,353), is a selective agonist of β3 adrenergic receptors. In addition, Solabegron has been shown to produce visceral analgesia by releasing somatostatin from fat cells.

Kyotorphin acetate is an endogenous peptide with analgesia activity and can be used as a biomarker of Alzheimer disease.

β-Endorphin (1-27) (human) is an opioid antagonist that selectively binds to μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors, with dissociation constants (Kis) of 5.31, 6.17, and 39.82 nM, respectively. It inhibits analgesia induced by both β-Endorphin and etorphine [1][2].

Hemokinin 1, human TFA acts as a selective full agonist at the tachykinin neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, while also being a full agonist at NK2 and NK3 receptors. It is capable of inducing opioid-independent analgesia [1] [2].

Ropivacaine mesylate, a long-acting amide local anaesthetic, is used for spinal block and effectively mitigates neuropathic pain. It achieves analgesia by reversibly inhibiting sodium ion influx in nerve fibers, thus blocking impulse conduction. Additionally, Ropivacaine acts as an inhibitor of the K2P (two-pore domain potassium channel) TREK-1, exhibiting an IC50 of 402.7 μM in COS-7 cell membranes.

Paulownin, a furofuran lignan from Paulownia tomentosa,has the action of anti-inflammation,analgesia,immunity,hypoglycemia and has little toxicity.

N-Phenethylnoroxymorphone is an opioid compound that can enhance morphine-induced analgesia in rats. It is used in the research of neurological disorders.

PSAM (pharmacologically selective actuator module) agonist. Activates PSAML141F-GlyR chimeric ion channels. Inhibits activity of neurons expressing PSAML141F-GlyR in vivo and activates locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons expressing PSAML141F,Y115F-5-HT3 ion channels. Recommended concentration for use in mice is 5 mg/kg or lower. Plasmid vectors for the transfection of cells with PSAML141F-GlyR and PSAML141F,Y115F-5-HT3 are available from Addgene. Lovett-Barron et al (2012) Regulation of neuronal input transformations by tunable dendritic inhibition. Nat.Neurosci. 15 423 PMID:22246433 |Satoh et al (2016) Context-dependent gait choice elicited by EphA4 mutation in Lbx1 spinal interneurons. Neuron 89 1046 PMID:26924434 |Atasoy et al (2012) Deconstruction of a neural circuit for hunger. Nature 488 172 PMID:22801496 |Hirschberg et al (2017) Functional dichotomy in spinal- vs prefrontal-projecting locus coeruleus modules splits descending noradrenergic analgesia from ascending aversion and anxiety in rats. Elife 6 e29808 PMID:29027903

Tyr-W-MIF-1, an opioid tetrapeptide, exhibits both opiate and antiopiate activities, and has been demonstrated to induce analgesia [1] [2] [5].