yeasts

Sorbic acid is a natural product that inhibits various bacteria, including sporeformers,

Ajoene is a disulfide that has been found inA. sativumand has diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, anticancer, antiplatelet, and antioxidant properties.1,2,3,4It is active against Gram-positive (MICs = 5-160 µg/ml) and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = 136-200 µg/ml), as well as yeasts (MICs = 10-20 µg/ml).1Ajoene is cytotoxic to mouse melanoma cells (IC50= 18 µM), as well as human colon, lung, mammary, and pancreatic cancer cells (IC50s = 7-41 µM).2It reduces tumor growth in a B16/BL6 mouse model of melanoma when administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg every other day and decreases the number of lung metastases when administered prior to tumor cell inoculation at doses ranging from 1-25 mg/kg. It inhibits ADP- or collagen-induced platelet aggregation in isolated baboon platelets when used at concentrations ranging from 75 to 150 µg/ml and in platelet-rich plasma isolated from baboons when administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg.3Ajoene (25 mg/kg) prevents thrombus formation on damaged arterial walls in heparinized pigs in anin situmodel of thrombogenesis.5It also reduces high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, histopathological markers of liver damage, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation, and protein oxidation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).4 1.Naganawa, R., Iwata, N., Ishikawa, K., et al.Inhibition of microbial growth by ajoene, a sulfur-containing compound derived from garlicAppl. Environ. Microbiol.62(11)4238-4242(1996) 2.Taylor, P., Noriega, R., Farah, C., et al.Ajoene inhibits both primary tumor growth and metastasis of B16/BL6 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 miceCancer Lett.239(2)298-304(2006) 3.Teranishi, K., Apitz-Castro, R., Robson, S.C., et al.Inhibition of baboon platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo by the garlic derivative, ajoeneXenotransplantation10(4)374-379(2003) 4.Han, C.Y., Ki, S.H., Kim, Y.W., et al.Ajoene, a stable garlic by-product, inhibits high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and oxidative injury through LKB1-dependent AMPK activationAntioxid. Redox Signal.14(2)187-202(2011) 5.Apitz-Castro, R., Badimon, J.J., and Badimon, L.A garlic derivative, ajoene, inhibits platelet deposition on severely damaged vessel wall in an in vivo porcine experimental modelThromb. Res.75(3)243-249(1994)

Quinolactactin A is a quinolone fungal metabolite originally isolated from Penicillium. It inhibits TNF production induced by LPS in murine peritoneal macrophages (IC50 = 12.2 μg/ml). It is not active against a variety of bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. Quinolactacin A is a mixture of quinolactacin A1 and A2.

Enfumafungin, a triterpene glycoside extracted from Hormonema carpetanum fungus, acts as an antifungal by inhibiting (1,3)-beta-D-glucan synthase, crucial for fungal cell wall synthesis. It selectively targets yeasts and fungi, excluding Cryptococcus, without affecting Bacillus subtilis growth [1] [2].

Chrysospermin D exhibits antibacterial activity against certain Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, as well as Klebsiella pneumoniae and some yeasts such as Trichophyton ochraceum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Glidobactin F is an antitumor antibiotic effective against pathogenic fungi and yeasts. It has been shown to increase the survival time of mice inoculated with leukemia P388 cells.

Coriolin A exhibits activity against gram-positive bacteria, weakly against gram-negative bacteria, as well as yeasts and Trichomonas vaginalis. At a concentration of 5 μg/mL, it inhibits 61.6% of the growth of Yoshida sarcoma, but shows no inhibitory effect on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in animals.

Hedamycin is an anthraquinone antibiotic exhibiting activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, mycobacteria, and yeasts (MIC of 0.031-3.2 μg/mL). It also inhibits rat duodenal adenocarcinoma, Walker 256 tumors in rats, HeLa cells, and the lysogenic Escherichia coli W1709 (λ) phage.

1-Hydroxy-2-nonyn-4-one is an antibiotic with activity against yeasts, filamentous fungi, tumors, and shows weak efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Chrysospermin C exhibits antibacterial activity against certain Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, as well as against Klebsiella pneumoniae and some yeasts, such as Pichia ochro-chloron and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Chrysospermin B exhibits antibacterial activity against certain Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, as well as against Klebsiella pneumoniae and some yeasts, including Pichia pastoris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Edeine A1 inhibits DNA replication and protein biosynthesis, exhibiting activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and yeasts.

Trichomycin B is a polyene macrolide antibiotic that can be isolated from the fermentation products of Streptomyces hachijoensis. It exhibits antimicrobial activity against fungi, yeasts, and trichomonads. Trichomycin B is useful in research focused on antifungal and antitrichomonal infections.

Dechloromycorrhizin A is an antibiotic with weak activity against Gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, and molds, but it exhibits strong nematocidal activity.

Glomosporin is a cyclic depsipeptide antifungal antibiotic with moderate activity against Aspergillus species, including Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus, as well as against yeasts, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16 μg/mL.

Glidobactin B is an antitumor antibiotic. It is active against pathogenic fungi and yeasts and can prolong the survival time of mice inoculated with leukemia P388 cells.

Neoenactin A exhibits potent activity against yeasts and filamentous fungi.

Lipomycin β exhibits activity against Gram-positive bacteria, but shows no activity against fungi (including yeasts).

Glidobactin G is an antitumor antibiotic with activity against pathogenic fungi and yeasts. Additionally, Glidobactin G prolongs the survival time of mice inoculated with leukemia P388 cells.

Glidobactin C (GlbC) is an antitumor antibiotic with activity against pathogenic fungi and yeasts. It exhibits antifungal properties against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.8 μg/mL. Additionally, Glidobactin C prolongs the survival time of mice inoculated with leukemia P388 cells.

Chrysospermin A exhibits antibacterial activity against certain Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, as well as Klebsiella pneumoniae and certain yeasts, including Trichosporon cutaneum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Crocacin B exhibits activity against yeasts and filamentous fungi. It can inhibit L929 mouse fibroblast cells. In calf heart microsomes, Crocacin B disrupts electron transport in the bc1 segment, resulting in a red shift of the 569 nm peak in the cytochrome B reduction spectrum.

Nystatin A2 is one of the polyene antifungal (antifungal) agents that serve as active components of nystatin. Nystatin is an orally active polyene antifungal antibiotic effective against yeasts and mycoplasma.

Dihydroniphimycin exhibits antifungal activity and is effective against yeasts and Gram-positive bacteria.