sputum

Guaifenesin (Guaiphenesin) is an expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.

PDE4-IN-26 (Compound A5) is an orally active, highly selective inhibitor of PDE4. It exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting p38 MAPK phosphorylation. In mouse models of acute lung injury and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, PDE4-IN-26 reduces lung inflammation, damage, and fibrosis, while promoting sputum secretion and alleviating cough. It is useful for researching lung injury-related diseases.

N14G-Fe, the Fe3+ chelated form of N14G, can identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples from tuberculosis patients, exhibiting exceptional fluorescence properties. Additionally, N14G-Fe effectively traverses the cell wall and the inner membrane region where IrtAB is located.

Pepsin is an endopeptidase that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids that can be easily absorbed in the small intestine[1]. Pepsin is stable at pH ranges as high as pH 6. Above this pH, pepsin is rapidly irreversibly inactivated and elevation of pH of the reaction mixture to pH 8 results in complete inactivation of pepsin[2]. Pepsin has been posited to be a reliable biological marker of EER. An immunologic pepsin assay of combined sputum and saliva was determined to be 100% sensitive and 89% specific for detection of EER (based on pH-metry), and an enzymatic test of nasal lavage fluid (100% sensitivity and 92.5% specificity) demonstrated an increased incidence of EER in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis[3]. Cultured hypopharyngeal epithelial (FaDu) cells were exposed to human pepsin (0.1 mg/mL) at pH 7.4 for either 1 hour or 12 hours at 37°C and both mitochondria and Golgi complexes were clearly damaged. This finding reveals a novel mechanism by which pepsin could cause cell damage, potentially even in nonacidic refluxate[4].

L-K6L9 exhibits antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties effective against P. aeruginosa associated with cystic fibrosis, demonstrating both stability and resistance to degradation by sputum proteases from cystic fibrosis patients, without inducing bacterial resistance [1].

D-K6L9 exhibits antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis. The compound demonstrates stability and resistance to degradation by proteases found in cystic fibrosis sputum and does not promote bacterial resistance [1].

Thio-NAD, a thione-modified derivative of the signaling molecule and enzyme cofactor NAD+, can substitute for NAD+ as a cofactor in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity assays. It is utilized as a substrate in dual-enzyme cycling ELISA for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein, or surface glycoprotein, and live M. tuberculosis in patient sputum. Thio-NAD is characterized by its absorbance at 405 nm, distinguishing it from other cofactors.