snake

Isookanin shows strong diphenyl(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity with the IC50 value of 7.9 ± 0.53 μM. Isookanin is a potent inhibitor of α-amylase (IC50=0.447 mg/ml).

Hc-CATH (Sea snake cathelicidin) is a broad-spectrum antibacterial peptide effective against Shigella dysenteriae and Klebsiella pneumoniae, with MIC values ranging from 0.16 to 20.67 mM. Additionally, Hc-CATH demonstrates anti-inflammatory efficacy.

Snake poison protein is a venom protein secreted by the salivary glands of venomous snakes.

PLA2-IN-1 (Compound 7) is a potent and selective inhibitor of phospholipase A (PLA2) with an IC50 value of 1 nM. It effectively inhibits PLA2-induced coagulation disorders in vitro and shows potential for use as an antidote for snake bites caused by cobra venom.

DC-174 is an orally active snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP) inhibitor with broad-spectrum activity against various snake venom SVMPs. It binds directly to the active site of SVMP through a zinc-binding group, inhibiting its enzymatic activity and procoagulant toxicity. DC-174 significantly prolongs the survival time of mice under snake venom attack and is applicable for researching emergency treatment of snakebites.

SQ 20858 is a synthetic peptide derived from snake Bothrops jararaca venom; suppresses angiotensin serum converting enzyme.

Echistatin TFA, the smallest active RGD protein from snake venoms, is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation, bone resorption in culture, and an antagonist of αIIbβ3, αvβ3, and α5β1[1][2][3][4].

CAY10761 is an inhibitor of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1; IC50s = 467 and 429 μM for the human and snake venom enzymes, respectively).1,2 It also inhibits mushroom tyrosinase (Ki = 1.9 μM) and urease from jack bean, P. mirabilis, and B. pasteurii (IC50s = 0.093, <0.125, and 0.089 mM, respectively, at pH 8.2).3,4 |1. Khan, K.M., Fatima, N., Rasheed, M., et al. 1,3,4-Oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione and its analogues: A new class of non-competitive nucleotide pyrophosphatases/phosphodiesterases 1 inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 17(22), 7816-7822 (2009).|2. Onyedibe, K.I., Wang, M., and Sintim, H.O. ENPP1, an old enzyme with new functions, and small molecule inhibitors - A STING in the tale of ENPP1. Molecules 24(22), E4192 (2019).|3. Ghani, U., and Ullah, N. New potent inhibitors of tyrosinase: Novel clues to binding of 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3H)-thiones, 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thiones, 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thiones, and substituted hydrazides to the dicopper active site. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 18(11), 4042-4048 (2010).|4. Amtul, Z., Rasheed, M., Choudhary, M.I., et al. Kinetics of novel competitive inhibitors of urease enzymes by a focused library of oxadiazoles/thiadiazoles and triazoles. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 319(3), 1053-1063 (2004).

Batroxobin (DF-521), a venom derived from the Bothrops atrox moojeni snake, facilitates thrombolysis, inhibits thrombus reformation, and offers neuroprotection. It holds research potential for treating cerebral venous thrombotic diseases [1].

Naja Melanoleuca Venom (Forest Cobra Venom) is a snake venom derived from Naja Melanoleuca, exhibiting hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes and containing α-neurotoxins that inhibit the GABAA receptor [1] [2].

Naja Mossambica Venom (Mozambique Spitting Cobra Venom) is a snake venom derived from Naja Mossambica, exhibiting antifungal activity against Candida species. Extracts, including phospholipase A2, can inhibit sodium-potassium ATPase activity [1] [2].

Bitis Cornuta (Many-horned Adder) Venom, sourced from Bitis Cornuta, comprises snake venom phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) toxins that exhibit anticoagulant properties by inhibiting the prothrombinase complex, consequently promoting clot formation through the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin [1].

Dendrotoxin-I, a neurotoxin from Dendroaspis snake venom, potently blocks K⁺ channels, specifically targeting voltage-gated potassium channel subunits KV1.1 and KV1.2 [1] [2] [3].

δ-Dendrotoxin is a potassium (K+) channel blocker derived from black mamba snake venom and is utilized in neurological disease research [1].

MmTx2 toxin, extracted from the venom of the coral snake, serves as a modulator of the GABA A receptor, increasing its responsiveness to agonists. This property renders it a useful tool in researching neurological disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, and chronic pain [1].

Lupeol acetate is a derivative of Lupeol with anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-snake venom, anti-fertility effects and oral activity. It is able to inhibit rheumatoid arthritis by down-regulating inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, COX-2, VEGF, granzyme B) and is cytotoxic to Hep-3B and A549 cells.

Gallocatechin gallate is a flavonoid compound isolated from South American snake plant, with antiviral activity by inhibiting the entry and release stages of pseudorabies virus replication.

Ikshusterol 3-O-glucoside has a potent snake-venom neutralizing capacity and it might be a potential molecule for the therapeutic treatment for snakebites.

Quinovic acid 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside shows significant inhibitory activity against snake venom phosphodiesterase-I.

Lobatoside C is a triterpenoid saponin compound identified in Actinostemma lobatum MAXIM. It holds potential for research into diuretics for renal edema and antidotes for venomous snake bites.

Cardiotoxin Analog (CTX) IV (6-12) TFA, a partial peptide of Cardiotoxin Analog IV, is derived from the venom of the Taiwan Cobra, showcasing the unique properties of snake venom cardiotoxin.

α-Dendrotoxin (α-DTX) is a small molecular peptide neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the African green mamba snake (Dendroaspis angusticeps). This compound acts as a blocker for KV1.1, KV1.2, KV1.6, and ASIC channels. By inhibiting potassium channels, α-Dendrotoxin reduces the threshold for neuronal action potentials and increases the frequency of these potentials, thereby enhancing neuronal excitability. It is utilized in neurotoxicological research.

Hydrostatin-TL1 (H-TL1) is a nonapeptide that acts as a TNF-α antagonist. This compound can be isolated from the venom glands of the sea snake Hydrophis cyanocinctus. H-TL1 competitively inhibits the interaction between TNF-α and TNFR1, thus reducing TNF-α cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses. It is applicable for research into TNF-α-related inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).