rings

3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic Acid (m-Hydroxyphenylpropionic acid) is one of the major metabolites of ingested caffeic acid.it inhibited osteoclastogenesis and bone osteoclastic resorptive activity.

Dibenzofuran possesses multiple biological activities, including inhibition of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and bovine viral diarrhoea virus.

Anthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) consisting of three fused benzene rings that presents as a colorless, solid, crystalline substance derived primarily from coal tar, known for its characteristic blue fluorescence under ultraviolet light and its extensive use as a fundamental raw material for producing anthraquinone dyes, synthetic fibers, and various other organic compounds. While Anthracene serves as a component in some wood preservatives and asphalt products, Anthracene is also a recognized environmental pollutant and is classified as a potential occupational carcinogen by some regulatory bodies.

Lycopene (ψ,ψ-Carotene) is a linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, the major red pigment in fruits such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips, and guava. As a class, carotenoids are pigment compounds found in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and some types of fungus), and are chemically characterized by a large polyene chain containing 35-40 carbon atoms; some carotenoid polyene chains are terminated by two 6-carbon rings. In animals, carotenoids such as lycopene may possess antioxidant properties which may retard aging and many degenerative diseases. As an essential nutrient, lycopene is required in the animal diet.

Glycerophospholipids, cephalins (Phosphatidylethanolamines (egg)) are a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamines isolated from eggs, with various fatty acyl groups at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. Glycerophospholipids and cephalins can be completely hydrolyzed to obtain 1 mol of glycerol, phosphoric acid, ethanolamine and 2 mol of fatty acids. Phosphatidylethanolamines play a role in membrane fusion and disassembly of contractile rings during cell division, regulating membrane curvature. Phosphatidylethanolamines are able to transmit infectious prions without the help of any proteins or nucleic acids. One of the main roles of Phosphatidylethanolamines in bacterial membranes is to disperse the negative charges caused by anionic membrane phospholipids.

(+)-Osbeckic acid, extracted from Tartary Buckwheat, acts as a vasorelaxant and demonstrates a significant vasorelaxant effect in Sprague-Dawley rat thoracic aorta rings, with an EC50 value of 887 μM [1].

3-Deoxysappanone B has vasorelaxation effects, it can mediate endothelium- independent vasodilator action in rat thoracic aortic rings.

Dysolenticin J shows significant vasodilative effects on intact rat aortic rings with a diastolic degree of 87.4% at 10 ug/mL.

(-)-Praeruptorin A has anti-inflammatory, anti-contractile and anti-hyperplasia activities, it exerts distinct relaxant effects on isolated rat aorta rings dependent on endothelium and nitric oxide synthesis;it also can significantly suppress airway inflammation and airway remodeling induced by ovalbumin challenge, and is a potential candidate for the treatment of asthma. (-)-Praeruptorin A resensitizes Pgp-mediated MDR (Pgp-MDR) cancer cells to cancer drugs.

Scutebata B possesses a rare alpha-hydroxy group in its alpha,beta-unsaturated lactone rings.

Spiramycin hexanedioate (Rovamycin) is a macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens, exhibiting antibacterial, anti-Toxoplasma, and antiparasitic properties. The structure of Spiramycin hexanedioate comprises 16 lactone rings and is adorned with three sugars: mycaminose, forosamine, and mycarose.

Gymnoascolide A is a fungal metabolite found in M. filamentosa that exhibits vasodilatory activity. At a concentration of 1 µM, it can inhibit calcium-induced contractions in isolated rat aortic rings.

Dynemicin is a complex alkaloid compound with strong antibacterial activity. Dynemicin is a natural product derived from marine microorganisms. Its molecular structure is complex, featuring multiple rings and side chains.

Siphonaxanthin is a carotenoid found in green algae, known for targeting the death receptor 5 (DR5) on cancer cells to induce apoptosis. In human leukemia HL-60 cells, it increases DR5 expression, reduces Bcl-2 levels, and activates caspase-3. It also inhibits fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR-1) signaling in endothelial cells. Siphonaxanthin suppresses the proliferation, migration, and tubular formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), as well as the growth of microvessels in rat aorta rings. Additionally, it has anti-inflammatory properties by blocking the translocation of high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI) to lipid rafts in mast cells. Siphonaxanthin shows potential for research into diseases such as cancer, diabetic retinopathy, and rheumatoid arthritis.