protective. anti-inflammatory

RWJ-67657 (JNJ 3026582) is an orally active, selective p38α and p38β MAPK inhibitor (IC50s: 1 and 11 μM, respectively), with no activity at p38γ and p38δ, and demonstrates cardioprotective effects.

3-Hydroxykynurenamine, also known as 3-Hydroxy-L-kynurenamine or 3-HKA, is a biogenic amine produced via an alternative pathway of tryptophan metabolism. In vitro, 3-HKA has an anti-inflammatory profile by inhibiting the IFN-γ mediated STAT1/NF-κΒ pathway in both mouse and human dendritic cells (DCs) with a consequent decrease in the release of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, most notably TNF, IL-6, and IL12p70. 3-HKA has protective effects in an experimental mouse model of psoriasis by decreasing skin thickness, erythema, scaling and fissuring, reducing TNF, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-17 production, and inhibiting generation of effector CD8+ T cells. Similarly, in a mouse model of nephrotoxic nephritis, besides reducing inflammatory cytokines, 3-HKA improves proteinuria and serum urea nitrogen, overall ameliorating immune-mediated glomerulonephritis and renal dysfunction.This compound is unstable in powder form and other related salt forms are recommended.

Polaprezinc is an bioavailable chelate comprised of zinc and L-carnosine, known for its gastrointestinal protective properties, as well as its anti-ulcer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Oxytocin acetate (α-Hypophamine acetate) is a mammalian neurohypophysial hormone, a ligand of oxytocin receptor.

Nerolidol acetate is a natural sesquiterpene with anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-insect activities. Nerolidol acetate can inhibit parasite activity and inhibit schistosomiasis, nematodes, malaria, etc. Nerolidol acetate protects cells from oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA, and has a protective effect on mouse hippocampal nerve cells.

SIRT5 inhibitor 7 (compound 58), a substrate-competitive and selective SIRT5 inhibitor with IC 50 = 310 nM, significantly attenuated renal dysfunction and pathological damage in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and cecum ligation/perforation (CLP)-induced septic AKI mice, and modulated proteinsuccinimidylation and proinflammatory cytokine release and pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the kidneys of acute kidney injury (AKI) mice.

Bellidifolin (Bellidifoline) has anti-oxidation, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and antitumor actions, it may contribute to the protective effects associated with nerve injury initiated by hypoxia by mechanisms related to inhibition of cell apoptosis independent of the ERK pathway. Bellidifolin shows interesting inhibitory activity of monoamine oxidases (MAO) A, it could be useful for treating type-2 diabetes, likely via the improvement of insulin resistance (IR). Bellidifolin also shows an antifungal effect (MIC values of 50 microg/mL).

DHMB (2,3-Dihydroxy-4-Methoxybenzaldehyde) exerts protective effects on intestinal epithelial cells. DHMB exhibits anti-inflammatory and antifungal capacity.

Clobenoside is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Clobenoside also has an edema-protective effect while not influencing blood pressure nor heart rat and not producing any direct vasoactive effects.

Oxysophoridine (Sophoridine N-oxide) has a protective effect on focal cerebral ischemic injury through antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms; it may be a potential neuroprotective agent for cerebral ischemia injury, that the effect may be due to its ability to inhibit oxidative stress and expression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1.Oxysophoridine ameliorates cardiac damage in a rat model of AMI and that this cardioprotection may be linked with its anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties.

1. Sinapine, an alkaloid from seeds of the cruciferous species, can be used as an effective natural compound for chemo-resistance. 2. Sinapine has antioxidant and radio-protective activities.

Sinapine Thiocyanate, is a derivative of Sinapine (S486605), an alkaloidal amine found in black mustard seeds. It is the choline ester of Sinapic Acid (S486800). It is also a phenolic-chloine conjugates, acting as anti-oxidants and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, that can be used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Morroniside would act as a regulator of hepatic inflammatory reactions and lipid metabolism in db/db mice. It exhibits protective effects against diabetic renal damage and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, by inhibiting hyperglycemia and oxidative s

NO-indomethacin is a hybrid molecule of indomethacin and a nitric oxide (NO) donor. This drug design combines the anti-inflammatory properties of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with the gastrointestinal protective effects of NO. Compounds of this class retain their anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, but have reduced gastrointestinal and kidney toxicity compared to the NSAID alone. NO-indomethacin also enhances the cancer chemopreventative activity of indomethacin. NO-indomethacin exhibits an IC50 of 82 μM, compared to >1,000 μM for indomethacin alone, for the inhibition of pancreatic cancer cell (PaCa-2) growth after 24 hours in culture.

Protectin D1 (also known as neuroprotectin D1 when produced in neuronal tissues) is a DHA-derived dihydroxy fatty acid that exhibits potent protective and anti-inflammatory activities. 10(S),17(S)-DiHDHA is a DHA metabolite, also referred to as protectin DX (PDX). It is produced by an apparent double lipoxygenase (LO)-mediated reaction in murine peritonitis exudates, in suspensions of human leukocytes, or by soybean 15-LO incubated with DHA. It differs from protectin D1 with respect to the stereochemistry of the C-10 hydroxyl and the double bond configuration at the 13 and 15 positions. 10(S),17(S)-DiHDHA blocks neutrophil infiltration in murine peritonitis by 20-25% at a dose of 1 ng/mouse. It also inhibits platelet activation by both impairing thromboxane (TX) synthesis and TX receptor activation.

Sinapine hydroxide, an alkaloid derived from the seeds of cruciferous plants, demonstrates a variety of beneficial properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-angiogenic, and radio-protective effects. Additionally, it acts as an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), making it valuable for researching neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, ataxia, myasthenia gravis, and Parkinson's disease[4].

Aralosides possess protective effect against experimental myocardial ischemia and infarction, the mechanism of myocardial protection may be attributed to the amelioration of FFA metabolic deterioration and membrane peroxidation induced by oxygen free radi

1. Pogostone (DHELWANGIN) possesses potent anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities, such as gram negative bacteria , gram positive bacteria, Escherichia coli. 2. Pogostone exhibits an immunosuppressive property by directly blocking T cell proliferation as well as altering inflammatory cytokine profile. 3. Pogostone could exert a gastro-protective effect against gastric ulceration, and the underlying mechanism might be associated with the stimulation of PGE2, improvement of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status, as well as preservation of NP-SH.

1. Tetrahydrocoptisine (STYLOPINE) has effective effects in suppressing inflammation. 2. Tetrahydrocoptisine possesses a protective effect on LPS-induced ALI through inhibiting of NF-κB signaling pathways, which may involve the inhibition of pulmonary inflammatory process. 3. Tetrahydrocoptisine has gastroprotective activity, is attributed to reducing NO production and adjusting the pro-inflammatory cytokine, inhibited neutrophil accumulation and NF-κB expression. 4. Tetrahydrocoptisine is an active anti-inflammatory constituent by inhibition of TNF-α, IL-6 and NO production possibly via down-regulation of NF-κB activation, phospho-ERK1/2 and phospho-p38MAPK signal pathways.

1. Cornuside (Comuside) has immunomodulatory activity . 2. Cornuside suppresses expression levels of cytokine-induced proinflammatory and adhesion molecules in the human endothelial cells. 3. Cornuside can treat myocardial I/R and protect the liver from CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity, by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing inflammatory responses. 4. Cornuside has anti-inflammatory activity by downregulations of iNOS and COX-2 due to NF-κB inhibition as well as the negative regulation of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK1/2 phosphorylations in RAW 264.7 cells. 5. Cornuside has protective potential against cerebral ischemic injury, may be due to the suppression of intracellular Ca(2+) elevation and caspase-3 activity, and improvements in mitochondrial energy metabolism and antioxidant properties.

5-(2-furyl)-N-propylisoxazole-3-carboxamide is a compound used as a molecular structural unit and is thought to be a modulator of NMDA receptors, and has been shown to be protective against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and oxidative stress in neuronal cells. It has also been found to have anti-inflammatory activity, making it a potential therapeutic agent for diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

1. Isofraxidin (Phytodolor) protects leukemia cells from radiation-induced apoptosis via ROS/mitochondria pathway in a p53-independent manner. 2. Isofraxidin has a protective effect against LPS-induced ALI, and the protective effect of Isofraxidin seems to result from the inhibition of COX-2 protein expression in the lung, which regulates the production of PGE2. 3. Isofraxidin possesses significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities that may be mediated through the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2.

1. (+)-(3R,8S)-Falcarindiol is a potential new anticancer agent that exerts its activity through inducing ER stress and apoptosis. 2. Falcarindiol induces immunosuppressive effects in vitro and in vivo and might be a novel therapy for autoimmune or allergic diseases. 3. Falcarindiol has protective effect against CCl(4) toxicity , in part, be explained by anti-lipid peroxidation activity associated with the induction of the GSTs including GSTA4.

Sophocarpine, a major ingredient of Sophora alopecuroides, has a wide range of pharmacological effects.