probe

Ninhydrin is a chromogenic analytical probe for the quantification of proteins and amino acids.

DDAO is a promising near-infrared (NIR) red fluorescent probe with a long emission wavelength (λem = 656 nm) and a tunable excitation wavelength (600-650 nm). It can be designed for detecting the activities of various enzymes such as β-galactosidase, sulfatase, protein phosphatase 2A, carboxylesterase 2, human albumin, and esterases.

Dansylcadaverine (Monodansyl cadaverine) is a fluorescent probe.

CTB Probe-1 (probe 1) serves as a small-molecule, lysosome-targeting fluorogenic probe designed for fluorescence imaging within living cells [1].

Estrogen receptorβ HDAC probe 1 (compound P1) is a near-infrared fluorescent probe designed for dual targeting of the Estrogen Receptor (Estrogen Receptor ERR) β and the histone deacetylase HDAC.

Citrulline-specific probe-biotin is a biotinylated probe designed for detecting citrulline, the hydrolysis product of the amino acid arginine catalyzed by protein arginine deiminase (PAD). This probe is useful in identifying diseases with abnormally increased PAD activity, as elevated levels of citrulline are indicative of such conditions. Citrulline-specific probe-biotin has proven effective in applications within animal models of ulcerative colitis, demonstrating its utility in biomedical research and diagnostics.

RORγ Allosteric Probe-1 (Compound 12h), with excitation and emission wavelengths of 490 524 nm respectively, serves as an allosteric fluorescent probe for investigating RORγ allosteric inhibitors and the function of RORγ [1].

Kdn probe-1, a fluorescent Kdn probe, identifies the localization of [AfS] within vesicles on the cell surface.

TAMRA-probe 1 is a fluorescent probe for labeling.

Protein arginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze the posttranslational modification of arginine residues on proteins to form citrulline, which plays a large role in regulating gene expression. Abnormally high PAD activity has been observed in a host of human diseases. Citrulline-specific probe-rhodamine is a highly sensitive, rhodamine phenylglyoxal-based fluorophore that specifically detects protein citrullination via a chemoselective reaction between glyoxal and citrulline. This chemical probe (comprised of a single isomer) is capable of reacting with any citrulline-containing protein and can be analyzed with fluorescent imaging (excitation 532 nm; emission 580 nm). When added at 100 μM for 30 minutes at acidic pH, this probe has a reported limit of detection of ~10 ng for citrullinated histone H3 and ~1 ng for autodeiminated PAD4.

DPP-8 9 probe-1 (compound 20) is a fluorescent probe designed to specifically target and label Dipeptidyl Peptidase DPP8 9, allowing for its visualization through fluorescence microscopy in vitro when active. This compound incorporates a nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) tag, demonstrating a high affinity and selectivity for DPP8 9, with significant preference over other S9 family enzymes, evidenced by IC 50 values of 210 nM and 15 nM, respectively. [9] [1]

Sulfane Sulfur Probe 4 (SSP4) serves as a fluorescent probe targeting sulfane sulfur species, encompassing hydrogen sulfide-derived polysulfides, hydropersulfides, and persulfides generated endogenously. Upon interacting with these species, SSP4 undergoes a nucleophilic attack, leading to fluorescein production, characterized by 494 515 nm excitation emission peaks, along with the generation of two 1,2-benzodithiol-3-one molecules. This compound has been instrumental in localizing H2S3 within primary mouse neurons and identifying polysulfides in L. japonicus seedling roots.

Fluorescent polyamine probe-1 (compound 15) is a linear polyamine probe characterized by its high uptake efficiency. It is employed in studying the transport systems into cancer cells [1].

Alkyne-probe 1 is typically employed as an Alkyne-labeled fluorescent or chemical probe.

BTD probe-1 is a benzothiazine-based chemical selective probe used for the in vitro specific labeling of protein S-sulfinic acid. It selectively modifies sulfinic acid residues within proteins.

Near-IR fluorescent probe-1 represents a versatile dye employed extensively across various scientific and industrial sectors. As vital tools in biological experiments, dyes facilitate the observation and analysis of cell structures, tracking of biomolecules, evaluation of cell functions, differentiation of cell types, detection of biomolecules, tissue pathology studies, and microorganism monitoring. Their utility spans from fundamental research to a broad spectrum of clinical diagnostics. Additionally, dyes find application in classic industries like textile dyeing and are progressively being utilized in innovative areas including functional textile processing, food coloring, and dye-sensitized solar cells.

Biotin-probe 1, a non-radiolabeled probe, is applicable for in situ hybridization.

H2S Fluorescent probe 1 (Compound 2) is a fluorescent probe for detecting hydrogen sulfide (H2S) with minimal cytotoxicity. When HS- is added to the DMSO solution of H2S Fluorescent probe 1, a new absorption peak appears at 485 nm. During the titration of HS-, the fluorescence intensity at 434 nm increases rapidly.

MitoSOX Red is a novel fluorescent probe that is specific and cell membrane-permeable and targets mitochondria in living cells.MitoSOX Red is oxidized by superoxide upon entry into the mitochondria and is not oxidized by other ROS or RNS-generating systems.MitoSOX Red then binds to nucleic acids in the mitochondrion and produces a strong red fluorescence.MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator for the specific detection of superoxide.MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator for the specific detection of superoxide. MitoSOX Red can be used as a fluorescent indicator to specifically detect superoxide. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) prevents the oxidation of MitoSOX Red.

MitoBADY is a mitochondria-selective Raman probe composed of bis(phenylbutadiene) with triphenylphosphine for live cell imaging of mitochondria.

BODIPY 581 591 C11 is a fluorescent radioactive probe used to indicate lipid peroxidation and antioxidant efficacy in model membrane systems and living cells.

Ac4ManNDAz is a cell-permeable photocrosslinking probe that is a precursor to photocrosslinked sialic acid, which attaches to cell surface α2-6-conjugated sialic acid and produces photocrosslinking via sialic acid.

Msr-Ratio (Msr-green) (Msr-green) is a ratiometric fluorescent probe specifically designed for the detection of methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSR) activity. It has an excitation wavelength of 375 nm and an emission wavelength of 550 nm. This probe offers the ability to monitor the enzyme activity both in vitro and in live cells, making it a valuable tool for studying MSR function.

DAF 2DA is widely used as a probe for NO measurement.