oxidoreductase enzyme

1,4-D-Gulonolactone (D-Gulonic acid γ-lactone) (also known as reduced ascorbic acid, RAA) is the substrate of the enzyme L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.3.8), which catalyzes the last step of the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in plants and animals. The enzyme L-Gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase is missing in scurvy-prone, vitamin C-deficient animals, such as humans. 1,4-D-Gulonolactone is present in human blood and has been used as one of the markers to compare changes in exercise-induced oxidative stress.

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (Dehydromucic Acid) is a normal urinary metabolite in humans. 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid is also a microbial metabolite, a product of the oxidation of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by the enzyme furfural/HMF oxidoreductase which is found in the bacterium Cupriavidus basilensis.

Pronqodine A is a quinone isolated from Streptomyces, known for its enzyme inhibitory and anti-inflammatory properties. It targets NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1; IC50 = 131.5 nM). In SW 982 human synovial sarcoma cells, it suppresses bradykinin-induced production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 6-keto PGF1α, and PGD2, with IC50 values of 9, 19, and 7 nM, respectively, and it also promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these cells.