oxidative neurotoxicity

4-Hydroxyestrone, an endogenous estrogen metabolite, can strongly protect neuronal cells against oxidative damage.

Idebenone (CV-2619) is a synthetic analogue of ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q10), a vital cell antioxidant and essential component of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC).

Fenobucarb is a broad-spectrum carbamate insecticide and AChE inhibitor primarily used to control various flukes damaging crops. It exhibits neurotoxicity to zebrafish foetal development and induces muscle spasms and paralysis in insects, fish, and mammals.

CL-13 is an inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), exhibiting an IC50 of 1.15 μM and a selectivity index (SI) of 9.2 for acetylcholinesterase. It demonstrates antioxidative activity in SH-SY5Y cells with a DPPHEC50 of 47.01 μM and has the capacity to chelate metals involved in Aβ aggregation and/or oxidative stress, showing no neurotoxicity at concentrations up to 50 μM. CL-13 can also reverse scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments without affecting motor abilities in mice.

β-Amyloid(1-42), human, Ala-13C3,15N trifluoroacetic acid is a β-Amyloid (1-42), human marked with 13C and 15N. This unprocessed HFIP peptide comprises 42 amino acids and is a brain-permeable amyloid fragment, useful for researching Alzheimer's and Down syndrome. In monomer form, β-Amyloid (1-42), human provides antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Upon HFIP monomerization and DMSO solvent preparation, it forms soluble oligomers (AβOs) at 4°C, which exhibit synaptotoxicity and neurotoxicity, while at 37°C it forms insoluble fibrils with lower neurotoxicity, involved in oxidative damage. Aβ42 oligomers interact with neuronal surface receptors such as PrPc, mGluR5, and NMDA receptor, activating signaling pathways that induce oxidative stress, calcium imbalance, synaptotoxicity, leading to neuronal dysfunction and death.

MitoEbselen-2 chloride is a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant combining TPP and Ebselen. It enriches in mitochondria to scavenge ROS/RNS, protecting mitochondrial function and mitigating oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity.

ARN 14494 is a potent serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor (SPT; IC50 = 27.3 nM). ARN 14494 inhibits synthesis of long chain ceramides and dihydroceramides in an in vitro model of Alzheimer's diease. The compound prevents the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and the oxidative stress-related enzymes iNOS and COX-2 in mouse primary cortical astrocytes. ARN 14494 is neuroprotective against β-amyloid 1-42 induced neurotoxicity in primary cortical neurons co-cultured with astrocytes.

Metrifonate is an organophosphorus prodrug that is metabolised non-enzymatically in the body to DDVP (dichlorvos), which acts as an irreversible cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor. It inactivates ChE by phosphorylating the serine residue at its active site, making it useful for treating Alzheimer's disease and as an insecticide. Metrifonate affects AChE activity, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and cortisol levels in carp.

Pinostrobin (Standard) is a reference standard for research and analysis in studies involving Pinostrobin. Pinostrobin, a potent flavonoid inducer, exerts a neuroprotective effect against Aα2(25-35)-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, at least in part, via inhibiting oxidative damage and calcium overload, as well as suppressing the mitochondrial pathway of cellular apoptosis.

Ginkgo Biloba Extract (Standard) is the standard reference of Ginkgo Biloba Extract, suitable for quantitative analysis, quality control and biochemical research. Ginkgo Biloba Extract is a natural active ingredient extracted from ginkgo leaves. It maintains the structural and functional homeostasis of mitochondria, regulates the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins, blocks caspase cascade activation, and thereby alleviates neuronal apoptosis mediated by oxidative stress. Meanwhile, it upregulates SKP2 expression, inhibits non-Beclin1-dependent autophagy pathways, and ameliorates testicular tissue injury. In animal experimental models, it exerts protective effects on multiple types of neuronal damage and alleviates behavioral sensitization in rats. Against β-amyloid (Aβ)-mediated neurotoxicity, Ginkgo Biloba Extract produces multiple antagonistic effects: inhibiting Aβ-induced abnormal glucose uptake, ROS accumulation, AKT signaling disorder and mitochondrial dysfunction, regulating JNK and ER1/2 signaling pathways, blocking neuronal apoptosis, and suppressing the aggregation and formation of Aβ oligomers. Current research confirms that Ginkgo Biloba Extract has potential research value and application prospects in various neurological and tissue injury diseases including cerebral insufficiency, testicular injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multi-infarct dementia, stroke, traumatic brain injury and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Paeonilactone B ((+)-Paeonilactone B), a monoterpenoid from Paeonilactone, has neuroprotective activity, inhibits oxidative stress, and suppresses H2O2-induced neurotoxicity in rat cortical cells.

Pinostrobin, a potent flavonoid inducer, exerts a neuroprotective effect against Aα²(25-35)-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, at least in part, via inhibiting oxidative damage and calcium overload, as well as suppressing the mitochondrial pathway of ce

Cedrin has protective effects on PC12 cells against the neurotoxicity induced by amyloid β1-42, the protective effect is related to the inhibition of oxidative stress, improvement of mitochondrial dysfunction and suppression of apoptosis.