neurotransmitter

γ-Aminobutyric acid (4-Aminobutyric acid) is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Dopamine hydrochloride (ASL279), a naturally occurring catecholamine formed by decarboxylation of dihydroxyphenylalanine and a precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine, binds to alpha-1- and beta-1- adrenergic receptors.

Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline) is a light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors, originally identified in 1932 from plant alkaloid extracts, and isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and various Corydalis species.

Octopamine hydrochloride ((±)-p-Octopamine hydrochlorid) is a biogenic monoamine structurally associated with noradrenaline. It can serve as a neurohormone, a neurotransmitter, and a neuromodulator in invertebrates.

β-Alanine (3-Aminopropanoic acid) is a naturally occurring beta amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. It acts as a neurotransmitter by activating glycine and GABA receptors.

L-Cycloserine ((-)-Cycloserine) irreversibly inhibits GABA pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase in E. coli, as well in the brains of various animals, results in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in vivo.

Histamine (Ergamine) is an amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of HISTIDINE. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.

Citicoline sodium (CDP-choline) is an endogenous intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine. It also serves as a choline donor in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Citicoline sodium demonstrates protective effects in cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and memory disorders. Exogenous administration of citicoline to rodents (500 mg kg i.p. immediately after ischemia and at 3-h reperfusion) has been shown to stimulate the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and cardiolipin and to attenuate the release of arachidonic acid and the accumulation of ceramide.

Serotonin hydrochloride (Serotonin HCl) is an endogenous 5-HT receptor agonist, a monoamine neurotransmitter in the CNS, and a catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor(Ki=44 μM).

L-Histidine (L-(-)-Histidine) is a semi-essential amino acid (children should obtain it from food) needed in humans for growth and tissue repair, L-Histidine is important for maintenance of myelin sheaths that protect nerve cells and is metabolized to the neurotransmitter histamine. Histamines play many roles in immunity, gastric secretion, and sexual functions. L-Histidine is also required for blood cell manufacture and protects tissues against damage caused by radiation and heavy metals.

L-Aspartic acid (Aspatofort) is a non-essential amino acid in humans, L-Aspartic acid has an overall negative charge and plays an important role in the synthesis of other amino acids and in the citric acid and urea cycles. Asparagine, arginine, lysine, methionine, isoleucine, and some nucleotides are synthesized from aspartic acid. L-Aspartic acid also serves as a neurotransmitter.

Tyramine (Uteramine) is an indirect sympathomimetic that occurs naturally in cheese and other foods. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and MONOAMINE OXIDASE to prolong the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals and may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems.

sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine (Choline glycerophosphate) is a natural choline compound found in the brain and in milk. It is also a parasympathomimetic acetylcholine precursor which may have a potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine rapidly delivers choline to the brain across the blood–brain barrier and is a biosynthetic precursor of the acetylcholine neurotransmitter. It is a non-prescription drug in most countries due to its Generally Recognised As Safe (GRAS) status [1]. Studies have investigated its efficacy for cognitive disorders including stroke and Alzheimer's disease. An Italian multicentre clinical trial on 2, 044 patients suffering from recent stroke were supplied Glycerylphosphorylcholine in doses of 1, 000 mg day for 28 days and 400 mg three times per day for the five ensuing months. The trial confirmed the therapeutic role of alpha-GPC on the cognitive recovery of patients based on four measurement scales, three of which reached statistical significance [2].

Agmatine sulfate (Agmatine sulfate salt) is a bioactive metabolite of the arginine amino acid. It exerts modulatory action at multiple molecular targets, such as neurotransmitter systems, ion channels and nitric oxide synthesis. It is an endogenous agonist at imidazoline receptor and a NO synthase inhibitor.

N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine (Ac-Tyr-OH) is a side chain reaction of tyrosine. It converts to tyrosine and then can be used in neurotransmitter treatment as a precursor of cathecholamine.

Acetylcholine iodide (Acetylcolina) is a neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

Choline bitartrate (2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium) is a form of the nutrient choline which is found in foods. Choline is necessary for normal liver and kidney function and a component of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, a chemical that facilitates communication between the nerves and muscles.

Norepinephrine (Levophed) can stimulate apoptosis in adult rat ventricular myocytes by activation of the β-adrenergic pathway. It can up-regulate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumour cells.

glycine (2-Aminoacetic acid) is a non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Tryptamine is a monoamine alkaloid found in animals, plants, and fungi. It contains an indole ring structure and is structurally analogous to the tryptophan. It is found in trace amounts in the brains of mammals and is recognized to play a role as a neuro

L-Cysteinesulfinic acid is an endogenous neurotransmitter with agonistic effects on a variety of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), including mGluR1, mGluR5, mGluR2, mGluR4, mGluR6, and mGluR8, with a pEC50 = 2.7 to 4.0. L- Cysteinesulfinic acid is a pld-coupled agonist of metabotropic excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors.

L-Glutamic acid (Standard) is a reference standard for research and analysis in studies involving L-Glutamic acid. L-Glutamic acid (Glutaminol) acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter, an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors, and facilitates dopamine release from nerve terminals.

Glycine (Standard) is a reference standard for research and analysis in studies involving glycine. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and a co-agonist of glutamate, enhancing NMDA receptor excitability. It is found in gelatin and silk fibroin and is used as a nutrient in medical treatments.

5-Hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate monohydrate (Serotonin creatinine sulfate monohydrate) is a neurotransmitter.