milk

Silymarin (Silybin B) (Silybin B) is a polyphenolic flavonoid that extracts from the milk thistle or seeds of Silybum marianum. It is used in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases.

Methyl vanillate is Hovenia Dulcis Thunb extract and its ingredient methyl vanillate activate Wnt β-catenin pathway and increase bone mass in growing or ovariectomized mice. Methyl vanillate is considered to be a slightly soluble (in water) acidic compound. Methyl vanillate can be synthesized from vanillic acid. Methyl vanillate has been identified in foods such as cow's milk and beer.

Pharmatose DCL 14 (D-Lactose monohydrate) is the major sugar present in milk and the main source of energy supplied to the newborn mammalian in its mother's milk. Pharmatose DCL 14 is also an important osmotic regulator of lactation. It could regulate human's intestinal microflora.

Octanoic acid (Caprylic acid), found naturally in coconuts and breast milk, is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste and minimal solubility in water. It is commercially utilized in the production of esters for perfumery and in dye manufacturing.

sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine (Choline glycerophosphate) is a natural choline compound found in the brain and in milk. It is also a parasympathomimetic acetylcholine precursor which may have a potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine rapidly delivers choline to the brain across the blood–brain barrier and is a biosynthetic precursor of the acetylcholine neurotransmitter. It is a non-prescription drug in most countries due to its Generally Recognised As Safe (GRAS) status [1]. Studies have investigated its efficacy for cognitive disorders including stroke and Alzheimer's disease. An Italian multicentre clinical trial on 2, 044 patients suffering from recent stroke were supplied Glycerylphosphorylcholine in doses of 1, 000 mg day for 28 days and 400 mg three times per day for the five ensuing months. The trial confirmed the therapeutic role of alpha-GPC on the cognitive recovery of patients based on four measurement scales, three of which reached statistical significance [2].

Silibinin (Silybin) is the major active constituent of silymarin, a standardized extract of the milk thistle seeds, containing a mixture of flavonolignans consisting of silibinin, isosilibinin, silicristin, silidianin and others. Silibinin itself is a mixture of two diastereomers, silybin A and silybin B, in approximately equimolar ratio. Both in vitro and animal research suggest that silibinin has hepatoprotective (antihepatotoxic) properties that protect liver cells against toxins. Silibinin has also demonstrated in vitro anti-cancer effects against human prostate adenocarcinoma cells, estrogen-dependent and -independent human breast carcinoma cells, human ectocervical carcinoma cells, human colon cancer cells, and both small and nonsmall human lung carcinoma cells.

Lactose is a disaccharide derived from galactose and glucose that is found in milk.

2-Phenylglycine (DL-α-Phenylglycine) is a metabolite present in breast milk during lactation.

1. Stearic acid (Cetylacetic acid) can reduce metastatic tumor burden. 2. Stearic acid leads to dramatically reduced visceral fat likely by causing the apoptosis of preadipocytes. 3. Stearic acid and its derivatives have been used as gelators in food and pharmaceutical gel formulations. 4. Stearic acid is a potent phosphatase 1B inhibitor, possibly causing an enhancement in the insulin receptor signaling to stimulate glucose uptake into adipocytes. 5. Stearic acid has the potential to increase dry matter intake and yields of milk and milk components, without affecting conversion of feed to milk, body condition score, or body weight.

H-Abu-OH (L-α-amino-n-Butyric acid) , also known as (S)-2-aminobutanoic acid, homoalanine, 2-AABA, ethylglycine, or L-butyrine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. H-Abu-OH is a non-proteogenic amino acid that can be found in the human kidney, in liver tissues, and in most biofluids or excreta (e.g. feces, breast milk, urine, and blood). Within the cell, H-Abu-OH is primarily located in the cytoplasm. H-Abu-OH is biosynthesized by transaminating oxobutyrate, a metabolite in isoleucine biosynthesis. As a non-proteogenic amino acid, H-Abu-OH can be used by nonribosomal peptide synthases.

Progesterone (Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) is the major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production.

α-Lactose is the major sugar present in milk and the main source of energy supplied to the newborn mammalian in its mother's milk. Lactose is also an important osmotic regulator of lactation.

Xanthosine (9-Beta-D-Ribofuranosylxanthine) is a xanthine nucleoside that increases the number of mammary stem cells and milk production in goats and cattle.

D-Tagatose (D-(-)-Tagatose), a rare natural hexoketose and isomer of D-galactose, occurs naturally in Sterculia setigera gum and is found in small quantities in various foods such as sterilized and powdered cow's milk, hot cocoa, and various cheeses, yogurts, and other dairy products. It can be synthesized from D-galactose by isomerization under alkaline conditions in the presence of calcium. D-Tagatose has numerous health benefits, including promotion of weight loss, no glycemic effect, anti-plaque, non-cariogenic, anti-halitosis, prebiotic, and anti-biofilm properties; it is beneficial for organ transplants, enhancement of flavor, improvement of pregnancy and fetal development, treatment of obesity, and reduction in symptoms associated with type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, anemia, and hemophilia. (PMID: 17492284).

6'-Sialyllactose Sodium Salt (6'-N-Acetylneuraminyl-D-lactose sodium salt), an oligosaccharide present in breast milk, is protective against LPS-induced ALI and attenuates LPS-induced lung injury by inhibiting the STAT1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Diquat dibromide

Lactodifucotetraose (Difucosyllactose), a tetrasaccharide extracted from human milk, consists of one D-glucose, one D-galactose, and two L-fucose molecules [1].

Monofucosyllacto-N-hexaose III (MFLNH III) is a neutral human milk oligosaccharide (HMO).

3-Fucosyllactose (3-Fucosyl-D-lactose), a predominant fucosylated oligosaccharide in human breast milk, exhibits prebiotic, immunomodulating, neonatal brain development, and antimicrobial functions.

Monofucosyllacto-N-hexaose I (MFLNH I) is a human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) [1].

Hexadecanamide (Palmitamide) is a fatty acid amide that shows apoptosis-inducing effects in breast cancer cells.Hexadecanamide alleviates Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in mice by inhibiting inflammatory responses and restoring the blood-milk barrier integrity.

Lacto-N-fucopentaose V (LNFP V), a novel pentasaccharide, is an oligosaccharide identified in human milk and various biofluids [1].

Blood group A antigen tetraose type 5 (A-Tetrasaccharide), a tetrasaccharide specific to blood group A, inhibits the binding of anti-A antibody to blood group A substance and can be isolated from polar bear milk samples [1] [2].

Lacto-N-triose II, a core structural unit of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), possesses nutraceutical potentials and is utilized in the synthesis of complex HMOs [1].

Rennin (Chymosin) is a proteolytic enzyme related to pepsin, produced in the stomachs of certain animals, that effectively coagulates liquid milk into a semi-solid form, prolonging its retention in the stomach. It specifically targets K-casein, cleaving the peptide bond between the amino acid residues phenylalanine and methionine (105 and 106), and plays a crucial role in cheese production [1].