microbe

Nε,Nε,Nε-Trimethyllysine chloride (Lys(Me)3-OH Chloride) is a methylated derivative of lysine, found in histone proteins and serves as a coenzyme in fatty acid oxidation. It is a precursor for carnitine, generated by S-adenosyl-L-methionine on lysine residues. Upon proteolysis, it is converted to 3-hydroxy-6-N-trimethyllysine by mitochondrial 6-N-trimethyllysine dioxygenase, initiating carnitine biosynthesis.

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMANO dihydrate) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes fibroblast differentiation and cardiac fibrosis via the TGF-β Smad2 signaling pathway. TMANO dihydrate can be used to establish models of cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis.