isovaleric acid

Isovaleric acid (Delphinic acid) is a naturally occurring aroma compound found in Bartlett pear brandies, vanilla beans, rape-honey, and banana.

3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid (Beta-Hydroxyisovaleric acid) is an endogenous metabolite excreted in the urine and can serve as an early and sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency.

Increased levels of erucic acid (22:1n9) have been found in the red blood cell membranes of autistic subjects with developmental regression (PMID: 16581239 ). Erucic acid (13(Z)-Docosenoic Acid) is broken down long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase, which is produced in the liver. This enzyme breaks this long chain fatty acid into shorter-chain fatty acids. human infants have relatively low amounts of this enzyme and because of this, babies should not be given foods high in erucic acid. Erucic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

N-Isovaleroylglycine (Isovaleroylglycine) is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. However, the excretion of certain acyl glycines is increased in several inborn errors of metabolism. In certain cases, the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Acyl glycines are produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: acyl-CoA + glycine < -- > CoA + N-acylglycine. N-Isovaleroylglycine is a byproduct of the catabolism of the amino acid leucine. Accumulation of N-Isovaleroylglycine occurs in Isovaleric Acidemia (IVA).

Isovalerylcarnitine (3-methylbutyrylcarnitine) is a small molecule compound produced by the catabolism of L-leucine and the accumulation of isovaleric acid. Isovalerylcarnitine is also a selective and effective calpain activator that can promote cell apoptosis. Isovalerylcarnitine is related to isovaleric acidemia and can be used as a marker of isovaleric acidemia.

Palmitoleic acid ((Z)-Hexadec-9-enoic acid) is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.