gut microbiota

Carbendazim (Mercarzole) is a broad-spectrum benzimidazole antifungal with potential antimitotic and antineoplastic activities. Although the exact mechanism of action is unclear, carbendazim appears to binds to an unspecified site on tubulin and suppresses microtubule assembly dynamic. This results in cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and an induction of apoptosis.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline, betaine, and carnitine. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes fibroblast differentiation through the activation of the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway. TMAO is commonly used to induce cardiac fibrosis models.

Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 36,000–50,000) is a medium molecular weight polyanionic dextran derivative with strong intestinal epithelial permeability. It is the most commonly used agent for inducing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) models, effectively inducing both acute and chronic colitis. Its mechanism may involve macrophage dysfunction and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Due to its colonic epithelial toxicity, long-term use can also induce colorectal cancer models.

2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid (2-Hydroxy-p-anisic Acid) is a predicted metabolite generated by BioTransformer1 that is produced by the metabolism of 3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid. It is generated by unspecified-gutmicro enzyme via a beta-oxidation-of-carbxoylic-acid reaction. This beta-oxidation-of-carbxoylic-acid occurs in human gut microbiota.

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMANO dihydrate) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes fibroblast differentiation and cardiac fibrosis via the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway. TMANO dihydrate can be used to establish models of cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis.

Terbuthylazine is a triazine herbicide and a selective acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor, toxic to aquatic organisms, and capable of disrupting gut microbiota. Terbuthylazine induces significant damage to the jejunal barrier and mitochondrial quality control imbalance.

5-(3',4'-Dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone is a metabolic byproduct of gut microbiota processing of (-)-Epicatechin. [5-(3',4'-Dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone] exhibits antioxidant properties.

α-Glucosidase-IN-77 (Compound H7) is a non-competitive α-glucosidase inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.25 μM. It reduces blood glucose levels, improves glucose tolerance, regulates gut microbiota, and exhibits hepatoprotective effects in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.

(3R,5R)-Octahydrocurcumin (Compound 7) is a metabolite of Curcumin produced by gut microbiota. It exhibits neuroprotective effects against Aβ25-35-induced cell damage in SH-SY5Y cells and possesses anti-inflammatory properties in LPS-stimulated BV-2 mouse microglia.

β-Glucuronidase-IN-3 (Compound 49) is a covalent allosteric inhibitor targeting β-glucuronidase. It exhibits potent inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase (EcGUS) with an IC50 of 12.9 nM. The compound exerts its inhibitory effect through reversible covalent modification of cysteine residues (Cys28, Cys443, and Cys197) on EcGUS. It is applicable in research on gut microbiota-related diseases, particularly in reducing the toxic side effects of Irinotecan and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Urobilinogens comprise a mixture of bilirubin metabolites, including D-urobilinogen, L-urobilinogen (stercobilinogen), and i-urobilinogen (mesobilirubinogen). These compounds are produced from bilirubin by gut microbiota. In mice on a high-fat diet, the cecal concentrations of D-urobilinogen, L-urobilinogen, and i-urobilinogen are increased. Furthermore, elevated fecal levels of L-urobilinogen are inversely associated with reduced blood hemoglobin levels in patients with heterozygous β-thalassemia.

3-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (Hydroumbellic acid) is a predicted metabolite generated by BioTransformer1 from the metabolism of 3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid. It is produced by the abkar1 enzyme via a reduction-of-alpha-beta-unsaturated-compounds-pattern1 reaction in human gut microbiota.

Dihydroresveratrol (3,4',5-Trihydroxybibenzyl) is a major metabolite of resveratrol that is produced by animal-associated bacteria, including the gut microbiota. Dihydroresveratrol and dihydroresveratrol monosulfate are detectable in urine. The physiological effects of dihydroresveratrol have not been investigated.

Theaflavin digallate and lactic acid together could reduce herpes simplex virus transmission.

ADL 08-0011 is an active metabolite of the μ-opioid receptor antagonist alvimopan. It is produced from alvimopan via amide hydrolysis by gut microbiota. ADL 08-0011 is a μ-opioid receptor antagonist (Ki = 0.25 nM). It is selective for μ-opioid receptors over κ- and δ-opioid receptors (Kis = 15.8 and 31.6 nM, respectively). ADL 08-0011 inhibits endomorphin 1-induced inhibition of electrically induced contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum (pA2 = 9.4). In vivo, ADL 08-0011 (0.03-1 mg kg) reverses loperamide-induced delayed gastric emptying in a rat model of castor oil-induced diarrhea.

Phenyl sulfate is a gut microbiota-derived metabolite of tyrosine and a recognized uremic toxin. At a concentration of 30 µM, phenyl sulfate reduces the survival of differentiated human urinary podocyte-like epithelial cells (HUPECs), decreases intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, and induces mitochondrial dysfunction. In a db/db mouse model of diabetes, phenyl sulfate administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg induces podocyte damage and albuminuria. Elevated plasma levels of phenyl sulfate are correlated with the progression of albuminuria in patients suffering from diabetic kidney disease, highlighting its role as a biomarker and potential therapeutic target.

4-Hydroxyphenylpropionylglycine, a metabolite derived from the conditionally essential amino acid tyrosine, is synthesized through a process involving aromatic amino acid aminotransferase and tyrosine aminotransferase activities, with subsequent modifications by gut microbiota and glycine conjugation. Additionally, it serves as a metabolite of the phenol phloretin.

5-(3'-Hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone, a metabolite resulting from the transformation of polyphenols such as (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin by gut microbiota, plays a significant role in biological processes.

3-SucCA (3-Succinylated cholic acid), a bile acid derived from microbial sources, primarily functions as a lumen-restricted metabolite. It plays a crucial role in mitigating the progression of MAFL-MASH in mouse models by altering the gut microbiota composition, notably by enhancing the proliferation of Akkermansia muciniphila. Notably, lower levels of 3-sucCA have been observed in patients with biopsy-proven MAFLD.

urolithin M6 (3,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy urolithin) (UM6) is an ellagitannin metabolite produced by gut microbiota, was identified as a putative galloflavin mimetic

Terbuthylazine (Standard) is the standard substance of Terbuthylazine, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Terbuthylazine is a triazine herbicide and a selective acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor, toxic to aquatic organisms, and capable of disrupting gut microbiota. Terbuthylazine induces significant damage to the jejunal barrier and mitochondrial quality control imbalance.

Kansuiphorin C (KPC) is a natural product with a number of bioactivity. KPC could ameliorate malignant ascites by modulating gut microbiota mainly containing the increase of Lactobacillus and the decrease of Helicobacter and related carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.

10-Oxo-12(Z),15(Z)-octadecadienoic acid is a fatty acid metabolite produced by gut microbiota.

Asperlin is an orally active marine-derived antibiotic with antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherosclerotic properties. It can induce apoptosis and increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage-related G2 M phase arrest, as well as ATM phosphorylation. Additionally, Asperlin effectively prevents HFD-induced obesity in vivo and modulates gut microbiota.